Individual differences in stop-related activity are inflated by the adaptive algorithm in the stop signal task.

Research using the Stop Signal Task employing an adaptive algorithm to accommodate individual differences often report inferior performance on the task in individuals with ADHD, OCD, and substance use disorders compared to non-clinical controls. Furthermore, individuals with deficits in inhibitory control tend to show reduced neural activity in key inhibitory regions during successful stopping. However, the adaptive algorithm systematically introduces performance-related differences in objective task difficulty that may influence the estimation of individual differences in stop-related neural activity.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites.

The ABCD study is recruiting and following the brain development and health of over 10,000 9-10 year olds through adolescence. The imaging component of the study was developed by the ABCD Data Analysis and Informatics Center (DAIC) and the ABCD Imaging Acquisition Workgroup. Imaging methods and assessments were selected, optimized and harmonized across all 21 sites to measure brain structure and function relevant to adolescent development and addiction.

Neuroimaging Biomarkers of a History of Concussion Observed in Asymptomatic Young Athletes.

Participation in contact sports places athletes at elevated risk for repeated head injuries and is associated with negative mental health outcomes later in life. The current study identified changes observable on neuroimaging that persisted beyond the apparent resolution of acute symptoms of concussion. Sixteen young adult ice hockey players with a remote history of concussion but no subjective complaints were compared against 13 of their teammates with no history of concussion.

Cannabis use in early adolescence: Evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat.

Cannabis use in adolescence may be characterized by differences in the neural basis of affective processing. In this study, we used an fMRI affective face processing task to compare a large group (n=70) of 14-year olds with a history of cannabis use to a group (n=70) of never-using controls matched on numerous characteristics including IQ, SES, alcohol and cigarette use. The task contained short movies displaying angry and neutral faces.

Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers.

A comprehensive account of the causes of alcohol misuse must accommodate individual differences in biology, psychology and environment, and must disentangle cause and effect. Animal models can demonstrate the effects of neurotoxic substances; however, they provide limited insight into the psycho-social and higher cognitive factors involved in the initiation of substance use and progression to misuse. One can search for pre-existing risk factors by testing for endophenotypic biomarkers in non-using relatives; however, these relatives may have personality or neural resilience factors that protect them from developing dependence.

Near, yet so far: the effect of pictorial cues on spatial attention.

Distinct cognitive and neural mechanisms underlie perception and action in near (within-reach) and far (outside-reach) space. Objects in far space can be brought into the brain's near-space through tool-use. We determined whether a near object can be pushed into far space by changing the pictorial context in which it occurs.

Rightward collisions and their association with pseudoneglect.

Whereas right parietal damage can result in left hemineglect, the general population shows a subtle neglect of the right hemispace-known as pseudoneglect. A recent study has demonstrated that people collide to the right more often and attributed this bias to pseudoneglect. [Nicholls, M.

A new means of measuring index/ring finger (2D:4D) ratio and its association with gender and hand preference.

Relative finger length can predict a person's gender or their hand preference. We measured finger length using a new "tubes" test, which required participants to slide a clear plastic tube over their fingers and read the length from an attached mm scale. Data collected from 600 students demonstrated that the right fingers are longer than the left for dextrals, but not for non-dextrals.

Magical ideation and its relation to lateral preference.

Schizophrenia and schizotypal personality have been linked to sinistrality as well as ambidextrality. The current study clarifies the relation between laterality and schizotypal personality by administering a battery of laterality questionnaires to measure hand, eye, ear, and foot preference in a group of 933 university students. To determine whether the relationship between schizotypy and laterality is limited to self-report measures, performance asymmetries between the hands were measured with tapping rate.

The nature and contribution of space- and object-based attentional biases to free-viewing perceptual asymmetries.

Two experiments investigated the contribution of space- and object-based coordinates to previously reported leftward perceptual biases (pseudoneglect) at various locations across visual space. Neurologically intact participants (n = 34 and 27) made luminance discriminations between two left/right mirror-reversed luminance gradients (greyscales task), which were variously displaced around the midline in the participants' left and right hemispaces. The orientations of the stimuli were manipulated so that object- and space-based coordinates were congruent or incongruent.