Bachelor completion and dropout rates of selected, rejected and lottery-admitted medical students in the Netherlands.

Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of the selection of medical students is weak. This study aimed to examine the added value of a two-step selection procedure (first step non-academic, second step academic tests) to a pre-university GPA-based lottery procedure. Because previous research has suggested that participation in selection (regardless of the outcome) is a predictor of study success, this study is the first to include students who initially applied for selection, then refrained from (actively) participating in selection and were eventually admitted through lottery.

Blood-brain barrier alterations in both focal and diffuse abnormalities on postmortem MRI in multiple sclerosis.

Postmortem MRI-guided tissue sampling significantly enhances the yield of MS lesions in autopsy material, but so far it is unknown whether abnormalities concur with blood-brain barrier alterations. Here we sampled MS lesions with focal and diffuse abnormalities (diffusely abnormal white matter; DAWM) on MRI; both were coupled to the presence of MS lesions upon neuropathological examination. Extravascular distribution of fibrinogen, indicating BBB disturbance, was observed in so-called (p)reactive lesions that reflect discrete areas of microglial activation without demyelination within an otherwise normal appearing white matter.

Matrix metalloproteinase-12 is expressed in phagocytotic macrophages in active multiple sclerosis lesions.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteases involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, leukocyte infiltration into lesions and myelin degradation in the central nervous system (CNS) disease multiple sclerosis (MS). We have investigated whether MMP-12 (macrophage metalloelastase) is expressed in MS lesions at various stages. In control patient tissue and (p)reactive MS lesions, only occasional microglial and astrocyte staining was detected.