Controlling polymersome surface topology at the nanoscale by membrane confined polymer/polymer phase separation.

Nature has the exquisite ability to design specific surface patterns and topologies on both the macro- and nanolength scales that relate to precise functions. Following a biomimetic approach, we have engineered fully synthetic nanoparticles that are able to self-organize their surface into controlled domains. We focused on polymeric vesicles or "polymersomes"; enclosed membranes formed via self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in water.

Nanoscopic mechanical anisotropy in hydrogel surfaces.

The bulk mechanical properties of soft materials have been studied widely, but it is unclear to what extent macroscopic behavior is reflected in nanomechanics. Using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging method called force spectroscopy mapping (FSM), it is possible to map the nanoscopic spatial distribution of Young's modulus, i.e.

Controlling cellular uptake by surface chemistry, size, and surface topology at the nanoscale.

Cell cytosol and the different subcellular organelles house the most important biochemical processes that control cell functions. Effective delivery of bioactive agents within cells is expected to have an enormous impact on both gene therapy and the future development of new therapeutic and/or diagnostic strategies based on single-cell-bioactive-agent interactions. Herein a biomimetic nanovector is reported that is able to enter cells, escape from the complex endocytic pathway, and efficiently deliver actives within clinically relevant cells without perturbing their metabolic activity.