Lower tear meniscus height measured by optical coherence tomography in children.

Introduction: While optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of the lower tear meniscus height (LTMH) have been reported in adults, here we obtained LTMH measurements through Fourier Domain OCT in healthy children and compared these with values obtained in healthy adults.

Methods: Participants were children 7-17 years of age and a control group of adults 20-40 years of age. Inclusion criteria were no abnormal eye conditions or the use of contact lenses.

Measures of accommodative function in secondary school year 9 and year 13: a 4-year longitudinal study.

Purpose: To characterize accommodative function in secondary school children in year 9 and year 13 and assess the possible relationship between daily working conditions (number of near work hours and distances) and accommodation variables related to accommodative excess.

Methods: This was a prospective study. Participants were 43 subjects who were first examined in year 9 and then again when they were in year 13.

Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years.

Clinical Relevance: Convergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether sex is a risk factor.

Methods: Visual acuity and binocular vision tests were performed in 628 children aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.

Macular Inner Retinal Layer Thickness in Relation to Photopic and Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity in Healthy Young and Older Subjects.

Purpose: To examine relationships between the thicknesses of ganglion cell (GC)-related macular layers and central photopic or mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) in healthy eyes.

Methods: Measurements were made in 38 young and 38 older healthy individuals. Total, inner, and outer retinal layer (IRL) thicknesses were measured in the macula region through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) across three subfields, or rings, centered at the fovea: central foveal, pericentral, and peripheral.

Macular Thickness and Mesopic Visual Acuity in Healthy Older Subjects.

Unlabelled: Purpose/Aim: Impaired mesopic visual acuity (VA) is a risk factor for incident early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) This study examines relationships between macular thickness measurements and photopic or mesopic VA in healthy eyes.

Materials And Methods: In 38 young and 39 older healthy individuals, total, inner, and outer retinal layer (IRL and ORL) thicknesses were measured in the macula region through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Measurements were made across three subfields centered at the fovea: central foveal, pericentral, and peripheral.

Effects of Light Scatter and Blur on Low-Contrast Vision and Disk Halo Size.

Purpose: To investigate the individual effects of forward light scatter (FLS) and refractive blur on low-contrast vision and the size of the disk halo produced in response to an external glare source.

Methods: Monocular disk halo radius, high- and low-contrast distance visual acuity (HCVA, LCVA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) were determined in 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects under normal, FLS, and blur conditions. FLS was induced using the filter Black ProMist 2 to simulate an early cataract.

Binocular function changes produced in response to overnight orthokeratology.

Purpose: To analyze the binocular function changes produced on subjects undergoing overnight orthokeratology (OK) treatment over short-term (3 months) and long-term (3 years) wear.

Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study on young adult subjects with low to moderate myopia was carried out. Binocular function was assessed by the following sequence of tests: Distance and near horizontal phoria (Von Graefe technique), distance and near horizontal vergence ranges (Risley rotary prisms), accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio (gradient method) and the near point of convergence (standard push-up technique).

Capacity of straylight and disk halo size to diagnose cataract.

Purpose: To examine the capacity of straylight and disk halo size to diagnose cataract.

Setting: Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.

Design: Prospective study.

Relationship between halo size and forward light scatter.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between the size of a halo induced by a glare source and forward scatter or visual acuity (VA) in healthy eyes.

Method: Measurements were made in the right eyes of 51 healthy individuals of mean age 29.3 ± 7.

Normal values for the size of a halo produced by a glare source.

Purpose: To determine the size of a halo in the visual field induced by bright light in healthy eyes of all ages using the Vision Monitor (MonCv3; Metrovision, Pérenchies, France) and to assess the repeatability of the method.

Methods: Measurements were made in the right eyes of 147 healthy subjects (mean age: 48.2 ± 16.

Relationship between macular pigment and visual acuity in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: Today the extent to which MP impacts visual function in early AMD remains unclear. This study examines the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and high-contrast visual acuity (HC-VA) and low-contrast visual acuity (LC-VA) in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Measurements were made in 22 subjects with early AMD and 27 healthy control subjects.

Impaired mesopic visual acuity in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To determine photopic and mesopic distance high-contrast visual acuity (HC-VA) and low-contrast visual acuity (LC-VA) in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Measurements were made in 22 subjects with early AMD and 28 healthy control subjects. Inclusion criteria included a photopic HC-VA of 20/25 or better.

Effects of wearing yellow spectacles on visual skills, reading speed, and visual symptoms in children with reading difficulties.

Background: Possible beneficial effects of yellow-tinted spectacle lenses on binocular vision, accommodation, oculomotor scanning, reading speed and visual symptoms were assessed in children with reading difficulties.

Methods: A longitudinal prospective study was performed in 82 non-dyslexic children with reading difficulties in grades 3-6 (aged 9-11 years) from 11 elementary schools in Madrid (Spain). The children were randomly assigned to two groups: a treatment (n = 46) and a without-treatment group (n = 36).

Binocular function in school children with reading difficulties.

Introduction: Prior findings suggest that poor readers tend to have poor binocular vision skills, but data on the binocular abilities of children with poor reading skills are lacking. Our aim was to characterize distance and near horizontal heterophoria, distance and near horizontal fusional vergence ranges, accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, near point of convergence, and stereopsis in poor-reading school-age children without dyslexia selected from a non-clinical population.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 87 poor readers and 32 control children (all 8-13 years of age) in grades three to six recruited from eleven elementary schools in Madrid, Spain.

Relationship between oculomotor scanning determined by the DEM test and a contextual reading test in schoolchildren with reading difficulties.

Background: The relationship between oculomotor scanning and reading in poor readers of primary school age is not well known. This study was designed to assess this relationship by determining mean Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test times and reading speeds in a Spanish non-clinical population of children with poor reading skills but without dyslexia.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 81 poor readers (8-11 years of age) in the third to fifth grades recruited from 11 elementary schools in Madrid, Spain.

Accommodative function in school children with reading difficulties.

Background: Prior findings suggest correlation between reading problems and accommodative function, but few studies have assessed accommodation in children with poor reading skills. Our aim was to characterize monocular accommodative amplitude, relative accommodation and binocular accommodative facility in a population of healthy, non-dyslexic primary school children with reading difficulties.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 87 poor readers and 32 control children (all between 8 and 13 years of age) in grades three to six recruited from 11 elementary schools in Madrid, Spain.

Normal values of distance heterophoria and fusional vergence ranges and effects of age.

Background: Although it is well known that age affects visual function, we still have much to learn about the impact of aging on binocular vision. Our aim was to establish distance heterophoria and distance fusional vergence ranges in a large non-clinical population of wide age range, to provide normal values for comparisons.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 271 non-clinical subjects stratified into six age groups.