Is Hypoesthesia of the Malleolus a Subtle Neurological Sign in Anxiety?

This study examined the presence of neurological soft signs, an accessible diagnostic instrument, in patients with anxiety. Individuals with anxiety were more likely to manifest hypoesthesia than healthy controls, and patients who showed hypoesthesia exhibited greater symptoms of anxiety and depression.

[The ethics of treatment: a proposal having a future for nurses and health companies].

This article is the fruit of various circumstances. In the first place, it is the result of a long reflection shared by its authors; it is also the proof of the primary interests the authors hold specific time; and lastly, it is the reflection of our opinion regarding how nurses should with their compromise a future treating patients.

Discrimination of pathogenic clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Bacillus cereus by NMR-based metabolomic profiling.

Six different Bacillus cereus strains were selected from two different ecotypes: (1) three commonly used laboratory strains that are considered avirulent, and (2) three clinical isolates from meningitis patients. Screening of genomic DNA for the presence of genes encoding known toxins gave no candidate genes that were unambiguously able to distinguish between the two groups. However, the application of multivariate pattern-recognition methods to metabolite profiles derived from the different strains using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolomics) was able to classify the different profiles.

Combination therapy for erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double blind, unblinded active-controlled, cross-over study of the pharmacodynamics and safety of combined oral formulations of apomorphine hydrochloride, phentolamine mesylate and papaverine hydrochloride in men with moderate to severe erectile dysfunction.

Oral therapy has become first line treatment for patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction (ED). Studies have shown that sildenafil may not be effective in all patients, and has been associated with a variety of adverse effects and an adverse interaction with nitrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes. The objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of three different oral combinations with the highest dose of sildenafil in men with moderate to severe ED.

[Chairman of the German Society for Child Psychiatry and Educational Therapeutics in World War II].

Hans Heinze was one of the three experts on child euthanasia in the "Reichsausschuss zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden" and head of the first "Kinderfachabteilung" in Brandenburg-Görden, Germany. He was one of the experts in the euthanasia "Aktion T4". He became nominated president of the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderpsychiatrie und Heilpädagogik" after Paul Schröder who died in 1941.

["Euthanasia of children" during dictatorship of national socialism: "special children's department" Ansbach in Germany].

Focus of this paper is a description of "child euthanasia" during National Socialism 1939-1945 in the "specialized children's department" of the Ansbach state hospital. The historical and ideological bases for euthanasia and the development of child and adolescent psychiatry are explained. Material was found in public archives and trial records of German courts.

[Promoting reading and spelling in children with computer programs].

Objectives And Methods: Sixteen students trained their reading and spelling skills with the computer programmes Budenberg 1 and 2 and the Comles Package for 1000 minutes over a one-month period.

Results: Following one month of computer training, reading test scores had improved for seven of the 16, and spelling test scores for three children whose basic performance had been poor. Three and a half months of school instruction later, the reading test scores had improved for nine children, while there was no effect upon the spelling scores for most of the students.

[Discriminant analytic determination of prognostic variables from child psychiatric examination for school achievement in special education studies].

Scores on tests administered to learning disabled children in grade one during their examination by a child psychiatrist were analyzed for their predictive value with regard to the children's subsequent academic careers and type of school later attended. Upon starting school the learning disabled children exhibited marked deficits in intelligence and language and motor development. Variables predictive of the type of school to be attended later were intelligence scores and motor performance.

[Conditions facilitating social behavior disorder in children and adolescents in a clinic referred sample].

The patients referred to our center from 1989 to 6/1994 (n = 1076) were divided into three groups: "conduct disorder" (n = 235), "none psychiatric diagnosis" (n = 324) and "other psychiatric diagnosis" (n = 517). These groups were compared with regard to frequency, age, sex, the frequency of specific developmental disorders, the IQ, and the frequency of abnormal psychosocial circumstances. Additional the religiosity of the families and the televiewing of the children were investigated.

[Follow-up of psychiatric disorders and specific developmental delay disorders in special education students].

In a prospective longitudinal study 72 children who were attending a special school for children with learning disabilities in Erlangen were examined in 1990 and again in 1992/93. At the first examination the children's mean age was 7 years 1 month and at the second 8 years 10 months. The sample contained many more boys than girls.

[Intelligence and language performance of special education children at 7 and 9 years of age].

Prospective longitudinal data from children at a school for learning disabled were obtained. Intelligence and language scores were assessed at first grade and two years later. The results of two samples from Erlangen and München showed a high stability of the intelligence scores but less stability of the language scores.

[Psychomotor delay and psychiatric diagnoses in special education students].

76 first grade children of a special school for learning disabled were tested for specific developmental disorders of motor functions (SDDM). 15 children (19.7%), boys and girls proportionately, had a SDDM.

[Reliability of the Child Behavior Checklist in a population of 6 to 8-year-old special education students].

66 children attending first grade at a special school for educationally subnormal children were examined medically and psychologically. Classification was done according to ICD-10. In addition, the parents were asked to rate their children's behavior with the "Child Behavior Checklist" by Achenbach and Edelbrock.

[Specific delays of language development in special education students].

The frequencies of specific language retardation and deficits in short term memory span are the subject of this epidemiological investigation of children attending the first grade of a special school for educationally subnormal children in Erlangen and München/Rosenheim. The children at the mean age of seven were examined according to the "Multi-axial Classification of Child Psychiatric Disorders". The following prevalences were found: 16 children (21%) of the sample from Erlangen and 24 children (33%) of the sample from München/Rosenheim had an specific language retardation, in both sample the most frequent disorders were retardations of the expressive language (11% and 21%).

[Multiple diagnoses and stresses in children of primary school age].

The study was conducted to assess the consequences of multiple diagnoses and handicaps in children aged 6 to 8 years. Children were considered to be "multiply handicapped" if they suffered from two or more disorders or impairments included in the Multi-axial Classification Scheme. To this end children in special schools were compared with a random sample of children from three communities in Bavaria.

[Speech production and speech comprehension of dysgrammatic speech of preschool children].

The language comprehension and production abilities of 15 preschool children with developmental language disorders (LD) (4;11 yrs.-7;1 yrs.) and 15 control children (3;8 yrs.

Prevalence and treatment of psychiatric disorders in 3 to 14-year-old children: results of a representative field study in the small town rural region of Traunstein, upper Bavaria.

In a representative sample (n = 358) 18.4% of the children aged 3 to 14 were classified as having psychiatric disorders, mostly special symptoms (13.4%) (ICD 307).

[The treatment of children with psychiatric disorders by general practitioners and paediatricians in South-East Bavaria (author's transl)].

The treatment of children and juveniles with psychiatric disorders is seen as a problem of case identification. Paediatricians and general practitioners can treat behavior disorders of best together with a child psychiatrist.