Evaluating Variation in the Cardiac Management of Children with Hereditary Thoracic Aortic Disease in the United States.

Hereditary thoracic aortic diseases (HTAD) such as Marfan syndrome (MFS), Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS), and vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (VEDS) frequently result in complex cardiovascular pathology that can lead to premature death. However, given limited research and lack of detailed pediatric management guidelines, practice in the U.S.

A 6-year-old child with a new diagnosis of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission, while rare in the United States, should be considered in children with a history of recurrent infections, chronic respiratory symptoms and developmental delay. A delayed diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus in children can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. We present a 6-year-old male who presented for evaluation and management of antibiotic refractory chronic cough and purulent nasal secretions, with a history of recurrent bacterial pneumonias and sinus infections, disseminated varicella zoster, and global developmental delay.

A Case of in utero Transmission of Drug-resistant HIV in the United States.

Thanks to the development of antiretroviral drugs and the implementation of routine perinatal prophylaxis, primarily containing zidovudine, modern-day rates of perinatal transmission of HIV are very low in developed countries. We present a case of perinatal transmission of HIV with extensive nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance as a reminder that perinatal transmission of resistance mutations can occur. This case calls for further investigation into the utility of using genotype to determine neonatal prophylaxis in the setting of maternal HIV drug resistance.