A Brief Online Intervention to Increase Use of Nonphysical Discipline Approaches: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Moderate levels of child disruptive behavior are common and developmentally appropriate during toddlerhood. Caregiver discipline methods influence the development of regulatory strategies in children and the trajectory of behavior problems as children develop. Spanking is a commonly used discipline method in the United States that has been found to result in negative outcomes in childhood and adulthood.

Sleep Spindles Favor Emotion Regulation Over Memory Consolidation of Stressors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced condition, characterized by intrusive memories and trauma-associated anxiety. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep spindles might play a crucial role in learning and consolidating declarative stressor information. However, sleep and possibly sleep spindles are also known to regulate anxiety, suggestive of a dual role for sleep spindles in the processing of stressors.

The relationship of fear-potentiated startle and polysomnography-measured sleep in trauma-exposed men and women with and without PTSD: testing REM sleep effects and exploring the roles of an integrative measure of sleep, PTSD symptoms, and biological sex.

Study Objectives: Published research indicates that sleep is involved in emotional information processing. Using a fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and nap sleep protocol, we examined the relationship of emotional learning with REM sleep (REMS) in trauma-exposed participants. We also explored the roles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, biological sex, and an integrative measure of polysomnography-measured (PSG) sleep in the learning-sleep relationship.