An update on the perioperative management of postcraniotomy pain.

Purpose Of Review: Pain after craniotomy is often severe and undertreated. Providing adequate analgesia while avoiding medication adverse effects and physiological complications of pain remains a perioperative challenge.

Recent Findings: Multimodal pain management includes regional anesthesia and analgesic adjuncts.

Developmental exposure to pesticides that disrupt retinoic acid signaling causes persistent retinoid and behavioral dysfunction in zebrafish.

Early developmental exposure to environmental toxicants may play a role in the risk for developing autism. A variety of pesticides have direct effects on retinoic acid (RA) signaling and as RA signaling has important roles in neurodevelopment, such compounds may cause developmental neurotoxicity through an overlapping adverse outcome pathway. It is hypothesized that a pesticide's embryonic effects on retinoid function may correspond with neurobehavioral disruption later in development.

Increases in sensory noise predict attentional disruptions to audiovisual speech perception.

We receive information about the world around us from multiple senses which combine in a process known as multisensory integration. Multisensory integration has been shown to be dependent on attention; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly understood. The current study investigates whether changes in sensory noise explain the effect of attention on multisensory integration and whether attentional modulations to multisensory integration occur via modality-specific mechanisms.

Hemispheric Asymmetry on the Electroencephalogram during General Anesthesia Responsive to Blood Pressure Manipulations.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been extensively used to detect ischemia and the need for shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Limited literature exists using EEG data to detect ischemia in other surgeries. This case report depicts a 65-year-old man, with extensive vascular history including complete left carotid occlusion and severe right carotid stenosis, who presented for left first rib resection and left subclavian vein balloon angioplasty.

Regulation of l- and d-Aspartate Transport and Metabolism in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1.

The regulated uptake and consumption of d-amino acids by bacteria remain largely unexplored, despite the physiological importance of these compounds. Unlike other characterized bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which utilizes only l-Asp, Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 can consume both d-Asp and l-Asp as the sole carbon or nitrogen source. As described here, two LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs), DarR and AalR, control d- and l-Asp metabolism in strain ADP1.

Neurobehavioral anomalies in zebrafish after sequential exposures to DDT and chlorpyrifos in adulthood: Do multiple exposures interact?

A sequence of different classes of synthetic insecticides have been used over the past 70 years. Over this period, the widely-used organochlorines were eventually replaced by organophosphates, with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) as the principal prototypes. Considerable research has characterized the risks of DDT and CPF individually, but little is known about the toxicology of transitioning from one class of insecticides to another, as has been commonplace for agricultural and pest control workers.

Auditory and visual distractors disrupt multisensory temporal acuity in the crossmodal temporal order judgment task.

The ability to synthesize information across multiple senses is known as multisensory integration and is essential to our understanding of the world around us. Sensory stimuli that occur close in time are likely to be integrated, and the accuracy of this integration is dependent on our ability to precisely discriminate the relative timing of unisensory stimuli (crossmodal temporal acuity). Previous research has shown that multisensory integration is modulated by both bottom-up stimulus features, such as the temporal structure of unisensory stimuli, and top-down processes such as attention.

Visual Distractors Disrupt Audiovisual Integration Regardless of Stimulus Complexity.

The intricate relationship between multisensory integration and attention has been extensively researched in the multisensory field; however, the necessity of attention for the binding of multisensory stimuli remains contested. In the current study, we investigated whether diverting attention from well-known multisensory tasks would disrupt integration and whether the complexity of the stimulus and task modulated this interaction. A secondary objective of this study was to investigate individual differences in the interaction of attention and multisensory integration.