The role of urinary cytology for detection of bladder cancer.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to test the value of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Materials And Methods: One thousand three hundred and eighty voided urine and bladder wash specimens of 495 patients were evaluated by urinary cytology. All patients then underwent transurethral resection of suspicious bladder areas if cystoscopy and/or preceding biopsy were positive.

[Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the ureter].

Introduction: We present a case of unusually rapid tumor progression in a patient with primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the ureter.

Case Report: An 82-year-old female patient underwent total nephroureterectomy for a ureteral tumor that turned out to be a primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the ureter. After a normal postoperative course, the patient developed a metastatic symptomatic that seemed to have appeared "like an explosion" on the 33rd p.

[Chronic prostatitis. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome].

The symptom complex called prostatitis represents a multifactorial problem of unclear etiology. Standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches do not exist. Controlled studies which fulfil evidence-based medical criteria are missing.

Risk adjustment for evaluating the outcome of urological operative procedures.

Purpose: Considerable public and media attention has been directed in recent years toward comparing performance at individual hospitals. So-called death league tables have been published in the media, ranking hospitals according to crude mortality rates. Crude rates of mortality and morbidity are clearly misleading.

Erectile dysfunction in cyclists. Is there any difference in penile blood flow during cycling in an upright versus a reclining position?

Objective: Perineal compression during bicycling appears to be responsible for some cases of erectile dysfunction.

Material And Methods: In 46 healthy athletic men transcutaneous penile oxygen pressure (tpO(2)) at the glands of the penis was measured, using a transcutaneous measurement device. It has been shown that the tpO(2) levels measured at the glans correlate with the penile blood flow.

Comparison of individual urologists' performance.

Objective: In the last few years, comparative outcome quality statistics have been one of the key topics for discussion in health care. Comparative audits using overall mortality and morbidity figures can be misleading as they do not take into account variations in urological procedure and patient fitness. The purpose of our study was to compare the crude operative morbidity and mortality rates with the predicted rates using an established scoring system (POSSUM).

Measurement of vaginal and minor labial oxygen tension for the evaluation of female sexual function.

Purpose: Female sexual dysfunction is a new, rapidly expanding area of sexual medicine. Female sexual arousal disorder may, in part, be due to decreased pelvic blood flow. Therefore, we developed a simple noninvasive reproducible technique to measure vaginal and minor labial blood flow.

[Relations between the cortical DC potentials and the K+ concentration of the blood and cerebral cortex extracellular space in reversible asphyxia].

The relationship between changes of the cortical DC potential and the K+ concentration gradient across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied in the rat brain during short ventilatory arrest. For this purpose K+ concentrations were measured simultaneously in the extracellular space of the cerebral cortex and in the streaming blood of the carotid artery and the superior sagittal sinus. For measurements ion-selective micro- and macro-electrodes based on the K+ ionophore valinomycin were used.

Pattern of intracortical potential distribution during focal interictal epileptiform discharges (FIED) and its relation to spinal field potentials in the rat.

The pattern of intracortical potential distribution during focal interictal epileptiform discharges (FIED) was analysed with respect to the occurrence of descending neuronal activity to the spinal cord recorded as spinal field potentials (SFPs). The experiments were performed in rats. Epileptiform activity was elicited by application of penicillin to the motor cortex.

Differentiation between anti- and orthodromic responses to nerve stimulation in neurons with axo-axonal synapses (Helix pomatia).

In identified neurons of Helix pomatia nerve stimulation evoked depolarizations of short latencies. The mechanisms underlying these potentials were studied by conventional electrophysiological and intracellular staining techniques. Most of the depolarizations behaved like chemically mediated postsynaptic potentials.

Axonal pathways and synaptic inputs of three identified neurons in the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia.

The axonal pathways and the synaptic inputs of the identified neurons B1 through B3 in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia were studied. The axons of neurons B1, B2 and B3 were found to run invariably within the ipsilateral posterior oesophageal nerve, ipsi- and contralateral salivary gland nerves, and ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective, respectively. Synaptic responses could be elicited by stimulation of most of the nerves of the buccal ganglia.

Influence of the cortico-spinal system on cervical and lumbar motoneurons in the rat.

In rats the connections of cortico-spinal fibres to cervical and lumbar motoneurons were examined using epicortical stimulation techniques. In cervical motoneurons, the synaptic response started in nearly 50% of the units with a monosynaptically transmitted EPSP, was of short duration and proved to be very effective. In contrast to that, the synaptic sequence found in lumbar motoneurons consisted in a small oligosynaptic and a prominent polysynaptic part.