Publications by authors named "Casper Hoek"
Article Synopsis
- Immersion vaccination is a popular method in aquaculture for mass immunization, but the details of how it stimulates immune responses are not fully understood.
- Hyperosmotic immersion (HI) improves the absorption of soluble antigens by temporarily disrupting the gills and skin epithelium without causing significant stress to the fish.
- HI effectively activates the innate immune system, enhancing the overall immune response and highlighting the need for more research on early vaccine uptake mechanisms to improve immersion vaccination strategies.
