SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.

The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infections at a global level reflects the repeated emergence of variant strains encoding unique constellations of mutations. These variants have been generated principally because of a dynamic host immune landscape, the countermeasures deployed to combat disease, and selection for enhanced infection of the upper airway and respiratory transmission. The resulting viral diversity creates a challenge for vaccination efforts to maintain efficacy, especially regarding humoral aspects of protection.

Endorsement of reporting guidelines and clinical trial registration across urological medical journals: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Over the years, funding for urologic diseases has witnessed a steady rise, reaching $587 million in 2020 from $541 million in 2018. In parallel, there has been a notable increase in the total number of urology journals from 2011 to 2018. This surge in research funding and journal publications calls for urologists to effectively navigate through a vast body of evidence to make the best evidence-based clinical decisions.

Lessons learned from conducting a serological survey for Japanese encephalitis after detecting the first cases in New South Wales, Australia, 2022.

Problem: The first known locally acquired cases of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were identified in March 2022. NSW Health (the state entity for health care in NSW), with its partner agencies, conducted a serological survey to identify the prevalence of JEV antibody responses in high-risk communities in NSW.

Context: JEV infection is rare in Australia; therefore, vaccination is not recommended for the majority of Australians.

A trivalent mucosal vaccine encoding phylogenetically inferred ancestral RBD sequences confers pan-Sarbecovirus protection in mice.

The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the threat of future Sarbecovirus zoonoses have spurred the design of vaccines that can induce broad immunity against multiple coronaviruses. Here, we use computational methods to infer ancestral phylogenetic reconstructions of receptor binding domain (RBD) sequences across multiple Sarbecovirus clades and incorporate them into a multivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccine. Mice immunized with this pan-Sarbecovirus vaccine are protected in the upper and lower respiratory tracts against infection by historical and contemporary SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and pre-emergent SHC014 and Pangolin/GD coronavirus strains.

Toward diversification of acute stressors and precision stress research: A stage 2 Registered Report validating a reward-salient stress task in emerging adults.

Stress is one of, if not the, most ubiquitously studied risk factor across the health sciences. This is unlikely to change given that the primary drivers of mortality and disability are chronic, stress-mediated illnesses (often highly comorbid with psychopathology). We argue that an important limitation of stress research is the consistency with which the Trier Social Stress Test is used when the research questions are not specific to social stress.

Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog.

Objective: The aim of the study was to describe laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) to guide microwave ablation (MWA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a dog.

Animals: A 13-year-old female spayed Husky.

Study Design: Case report.

Mucosal adenovirus vaccine boosting elicits IgA and durably prevents XBB.1.16 infection in nonhuman primates.

A mucosal route of vaccination could prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication at the site of infection and limit transmission. We compared protection against heterologous XBB.1.

Enhanced Cohort Methods for HIV Research and Epidemiology (ENCORE): Protocol for a Nationwide Hybrid Cohort for Transgender Women in the United States.

Background: In the United States, transgender women are disproportionately impacted by HIV and prioritized in the national strategy to end the epidemic. Individual, interpersonal, and structural vulnerabilities underlie HIV acquisition among transgender women and fuel syndemic conditions, yet no nationwide cohort monitors their HIV and other health outcomes.

Objective: Our objective is to develop a nationwide cohort to estimate HIV incidence, identify risk factors, and investigate syndemic conditions co-occurring with HIV vulnerability or acquisition among US transgender women.

Research Priorities for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Long View.

This article introduces the Special Issue: Selected Papers From the 2022 Apraxia Kids Research Symposium. The field of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has developed significantly in the past 15 years, with key improvements in understanding of basic biology including genetics, neuroscience, and computational modelling; development of diagnostic tools and methods; diversity of evidence-based interventions with increasingly rigorous experimental designs; and understanding of impacts beyond impairment-level measures. Papers in this special issue not only review and synthesize the some of the substantial progress to date but also present novel findings addressing critical research gaps and adding to the overall body of knowledge.

Metformin-Induced Nightmares: An Uncommon Event.

Metformin is well-known in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin has become a drug of choice due to its affordability, cost-effectiveness, and established safety record. It primarily works by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Linear and discrete foreign body small intestinal obstruction outcomes, complication risk factors, and single incision red rubber catheter technique success in cats.

Objective: To compare survival and report perioperative complications in cats undergoing surgery for small intestinal (SI) linear (LFBO) and discrete (DFBO) foreign body obstructions (FBO). To report success of a red rubber catheter technique (RRCT) to remove LFBOs.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Use of near-infrared fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green to evaluate direct cutaneous arteries used for canine axial pattern flaps.

Objective: To describe the use of near-infrared angiography (NIRFA) to identify the vascularization of three canine axial pattern flaps (APFs) omocervical (OMO), thoracodorsal (THO), and caudal superficial epigastric (CSE); to establish a vascular fluorescence pattern (VFP) grading system; and to evaluate the effect of NIRFA on surgeon flap dimension planning compared to traditional landmark palpation (LP) and visualization assessments.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: A total of 15 healthy, client-owned dogs.

The seroprevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in five New South Wales towns at high risk of infection, 2022: a cross-sectional serosurvey.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of people in New South Wales towns at high risk of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections during the 2022 outbreak; to identify risk factors for JEV infection.

Study Design: Cross-sectional serosurvey study of the seroprevalence of JEV-specific antibodies in NSW.

Setting, Participants: Convenience sample of people (all ages) from five regional NSW towns deemed to be at high risk of JEV infections after first outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in southeastern Australia in early 2022 (Balranald, Corowa, Dubbo, Griffith, Temora), 21 June - 22 July 2022.

A Goal-Writing Framework for Motor-Based Intervention for Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Purpose: There are multiple frameworks for goal writing that are applicable to the practice of speech-language pathology. Motor-based speech disorders are a subset of speech sound disorders that are thought to require specific elements of intervention that are typically not addressed in the traditional frameworks used in the clinical setting. The purpose of this tutorial is to review general approaches of goal writing and suggest additional elements that may be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of treatment for childhood motor speech disorders, specifically childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).

Computationally restoring the potency of a clinical antibody against Omicron.

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the promise of monoclonal antibody-based prophylactic and therapeutic drugs and revealed how quickly viral escape can curtail effective options. When the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant emerged in 2021, many antibody drug products lost potency, including Evusheld and its constituent, cilgavimab. Cilgavimab, like its progenitor COV2-2130, is a class 3 antibody that is compatible with other antibodies in combination and is challenging to replace with existing approaches.

Outcome of video-assisted thoracoscopic treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in 15 cats.

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes and complications of video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) treatment of chylothorax in cats.

Study Design: Multi-institutional retrospective study.

Animals: Fifteen client-owned cats.

Cumulative Blast Impulse Is Predictive for Changes in Chronic Neurobehavioral Symptoms Following Low Level Blast Exposure during Military Training.

Introduction: Cumulative low-level blast exposure during military training may be a significant occupational hazard, increasing the risk of poor long-term outcomes in brain function. US Public Law 116-92 section 717 mandates that US Department of Defense agencies document the blast exposure of each Service member to help inform later disability and health care decisions. However, which empirical measures of training blast exposure, such as the number of incidents, peak overpressure, or impulse, best inform changes in the neurobehavioral symptoms reflecting brain health have not been established.

Outcome of dogs diagnosed with concurrent intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and vertebral lesions: six cases (2016-2022).

Objectives: To describe the clinical outcome of dogs diagnosed with concurrent discospondylitis/vertebral physitis and congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

Materials And Methods: Medical records from two academic institutions were searched for dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis and/or vertebral physitis, and a concurrent intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Dogs were excluded if they did not undergo attenuation of their shunt, did not have a single congenital intrahepatic shunt and did not have at least 90 days of follow-up.

Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing in Young Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Multiple Single-Case Design.

Purpose: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a multivariate motor speech disorder that requires a motor-based intervention approach. There is limited treatment research on young children with CAS, reflecting a critical gap in the literature given that features of CAS are often in full expression early in development. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is a treatment approach designed for children with severe CAS, yet the use of DTTC with children younger than 3 years of age has not been examined.

Cbp1 and Cren7 form chromatin-like structures that ensure efficient transcription of long CRISPR arrays.

CRISPR arrays form the physical memory of CRISPR adaptive immune systems by incorporating foreign DNA as spacers that are often AT-rich and derived from viruses. As promoter elements such as the TATA-box are AT-rich, CRISPR arrays are prone to harbouring cryptic promoters. Sulfolobales harbour extremely long CRISPR arrays spanning several kilobases, a feature that is accompanied by the CRISPR-specific transcription factor Cbp1.

Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds.

Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs are thymus-dependent antigens that are themselves immunogenic and can induce B cell responses that may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary target of neutralizing antibody responses.

Comparison of bleeding and thrombotic outcomes in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Heparin versus bivalirudin.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications with heparin versus bivalirudin use in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO).

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients placed on V-V ECMO with intravenous anticoagulation with either heparin or bivalirudin. Time to thrombotic event and major bleed were analyzed in addition to related outcomes.