Reactive extraction of muconic acid by hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquids - Experimental, modelling and optimisation with Artificial Neural Networks.

Muconic acid is a six-carbon dicarboxylic acid with conjugated double bonds that finds extensive use in the food (additive), chemical (production of adipic acid, monomer for functional resins and bio-plastics), and pharmaceutical sectors. The biosynthesis of muconic acid has been the subject of recent industrial and scientific attention. However, because of its low concentration in aqueous solutions and high purity requirement, downstream separation presents a significant problem.

Can Combining Hyaluronic Acid and Physiotherapy in Knee Osteoarthritis Improve the Physicochemical Properties of Synovial Fluid?

Known as the degenerative disease of the knee with the highest prevalence, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is characterized by a gradual destructive mechanism that, in severe cases, can provoke the need for total knee substitution. As the disease progresses, various enzymatic, immunological, and inflammatory processes abnormally degrade hyaluronic acid (HA), SF's main component, and affect the concentrations of specific proteins, with the final results seriously endangering synovial fluid (SF)'s rheological and tribological features and characteristics. No effective treatments have been found to stop the progression of KOA, but the injection of HA-based viscoelastic gels has been considered (alone or combined with physiotherapy (PT)) as an alternative to symptomatic therapies.

Cellular Stress Impact on Yeast Activity in Biotechnological Processes-A Short Overview.

The importance of yeast cells is known worldwide, as they are the most used microorganisms in biotechnology for bioethanol and biofuel production. Also, they are analyzed and studied for their similar internal biochemical processes to human cells, for a better understanding of cell aging and response to cell stressors. The special ability of cells to develop in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions makes this microorganism a viable model to study the transformations and the way in which cellular metabolism is directed to face the stress conditions due to environmental changes.

L.-A Source with a Great Potential in the Extraction of Natural Dyes Intended for the Sustainable Dyeing of Wool.

L. is a biennial plant easily accessible all over the world, rich in various biologically active compounds, especially a class of extremely bioactive pigments known as betalains. These dyes predominate in the pulp and peels of beetroot, which is why they can be valorized in food, medicine or in the textile industry.

Folic Acid Ionic-Liquids-Based Separation: Extraction and Modelling.

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is an essential micronutrient for human health. It can be obtained using different biological pathways as a competitive option for chemical synthesis, but the price of its separation is the key obstacle preventing the implementation of biological methods on a broad scale. Published studies have confirmed that ionic liquids can be used to separate organic compounds.

Fractionation of dicarboxylic acids produced by Rhizopus oryzae using reactive extraction.

Fumaric, malic, and succinic acids have been selectively separated from their mixture obtained by Rhizopus oryzae fermentation using reactive extraction with Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in three solvents with different dielectric constants (n-heptane, n-butyl acetate, and dichloromethane). This technique allows recovering preferentially fumaric acid from the mixture, the raffinate containing only malic and succinic acids. The extractant concentration and organic phase polarity control the efficiency and selectivity of acids extraction.

Green Chemistry in the Extraction of Natural Dyes from Colored Food Waste, for Dyeing Protein Textile Materials.

The beetroot peels can be a sustainable source of betalains that can dye the wool materials through green processes based on low water and energy consumption. Green chemistry in the extraction of betalains from colored food waste/peels from red beetroot involved the use of water as a solvent, without other additives. In order for the extract obtained to be able to dye the wool, it was necessary to functionalize betalains or even the wool.

Direct Extraction of Fumaric Acid from Suspensions-Interfacial Mass Transfer.

Experimental studies on the reactive extraction of fumaric acid with Amberlite LA-2 from suspensions using three solvents with different dielectric constants varying from 9.08 to 1.90 (dichloromethane, n-butyl acetate, and n-heptane, respectively) underlined the particular behavior of the extraction system in the presence of fungal biomass.

Neuroevolutive Algorithms Applied for Modeling Some Biochemical Separation Processes.

Combining artificial neural networks with evolutive/bioinspired approaches is a technique that can solve a variety of issues regarding the topology determination and training for neural networks or for process optimization. In this chapter, the main mechanisms used in neuroevolution are discussed and some biochemical separation examples are given to underline the efficiency of these tools. For the current case studies (reactive extraction of folic acid and pertraction of vitamin C), the bioinspired metaheuristic included in the neuroevolutive procedures is represented by Differential Evolution, an algorithm that has shown a great potential to solve a variety of problems from multiple domains.

Enhanced growth and β-galactosidase production on using oxygen vectors.

The addition of -dodecane (between 1-3%) to the fermentation broth in a mechanically agitated and aerated bioreactor revealed improved DO (dissolved oxygen) levels induced during fermentation which lead to an increase in biomass productivity and faster glucose consumption. The maximum values for enzyme activity (increased with 43% compared with the control) and (the volumetric mass transfer coefficient) were obtained for the addition of 2% v/v n-dodecane in the bioreactor, due to the fact that oxygen limitation during the exponential growth phase of the bacterium can repress β-galactosidase production. The oxygen vector addition increased the available dissolved oxygen and activated a redox-sensitive regulation and an elevated intracellular oxidative metabolism that lead to the enhancement in biomass accumulation and a more accurate protein folding of β-galactosidase that would increase its activity.

Mupirocin: applications and production.

Mupirocin is an antibiotic from monocarboxylic acid class used as antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and can be obtained as a mixture of four pseudomonic acids by Pseudomonas fluorescens biosynthesis. Nowadays improving antibiotics occupies an important place in the pharmaceutical industry as more and more resistant microorganisms are developing. Mupirocin is used to control the MRSA outbreaks, for infections of soft tissue or skin and for nasal decolonization.

Fumaric acid: production and separation.

Fumaric acid is a valuable compound used in foods, beverages, detergents, animal feed, pharmaceuticals and miscellaneous industrial products. It is produced on a large scale by the petrochemical route but the current tendency is towards implementing "green production" and environmental friendly technologies like biotechnological production of fumaric acid using low-cost raw materials. In this context, numerous studies focus on improving the fermentation process not only by using renewable raw material and genetically modified microorganisms, but also by developing and applying different downstream techniques for easy recovery of fumaric acid from the fermented broth.

Diffusional effects on anaerobic biodegradation of pyridine in a stationary basket bioreactor with immobilized Bacillus spp. cells.

The effects of external and internal diffusions of pyridine on its biodegradation rate in a bioreactor with a stationary basket bed of immobilized Bacillus spp. cells have been investigated for various biocatalyst diameters and thicknesses of the basket bed, considering the adapted Haldane kinetic model for substrate inhibition. Due to the very low values of pyridine mass flow inside the biocatalyst particles, the 'biological inactive region' appeared mainly near the particles' centre.

Nonconventional techniques for separation of biosynthetic amino acids.

Amino acids can be obtained by biosynthesis, by protein hydrolysis or by extraction from natural sources. The most efficient methods are the first two, but the separation of amino acids from fermentation broths or protein hydrolysates is rather difficult. Amino acids dissociate in aqueous solutions, forming characteristic ionic species depending on the solution pH-value.

[Influences of internal diffusion on the lipids bio-degradation with immobilized Bacillus sp. cells in fixed bed of basket type].

Aim: This paper develops the previous studies on the transfer processes and biochemical reaction kinetics involved in the lipids biodegradation.

Material And Methods: The experiments were carried out in 10 1(8 1 working volume) laboratory bioreactor with computer-controlled and recorded Parameters. The basket was placed centered around the stirrer and was filed with Bacillus sp.

Succinic acid fermentation in a stationary-basket bioreactor with a packed bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes: 1. Influence of internal diffusion on substrate mass transfer and consumption rate.

This paper is dedicated to the study on external and internal mass transfers of glucose for succinic fermentation under substrate and product inhibitions using a bioreactor with a stationary basket bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes cells. By means of the substrate mass balance for a single particle of biocatalysts, considering the Jerusalimsky kinetic model including both inhibitory effects, specific mathematical expressions have been developed for describing the profiles of the substrate concentrations and mass flows in the outer and inner regions of biocatalyst particles, as well as for estimating the influence of internal diffusion on glucose consumption rate. The results indicated that very low values of internal mass flow could be reached in the particles center.

Biodegradation of lipids from olive oil mill wastewaters in a stationary basket bioreactor with immobilized Bacillus spp. cells - influence of internal diffusion.

The study is focused on the external and internal mass transfers of lipids during their biodegradation process in a bioreactor with stationary basket bed of immobilized Bacillus spp. cells. By means of the lipid mass balance for a single particle of biocatalyst, considering the kinetic model adapted for the immobilized bacterial cells, specific mathematical models have been developed to estimate their mass flows in the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle and inside the particle.

External and internal glucose mass transfers in succinic acid fermentation with stirred bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes under substrate and product inhibitions.

This paper is dedicated to the study on the external and internal mass transfers of glucose for succinic acid fermentation under substrate and product inhibitions using a bioreactor with stirred bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes cells. By means of the substrate mass balance for a single particle of biocatalysts, considering the kinetic model adapted for both inhibitory effects, specific mathematical models were developed for describing the profiles of the substrate concentration in the outer and inner regions of biocatalysts and for estimating the substrate mass flows in the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle and inside the particle. The values of the mass flows were significantly influenced by the internal diffusion velocity and rate of the biochemical reaction of substrate consumption.

[Succinic acid production using mobile bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes in alginate].

Unlabelled: This work investigates the production of succinic acid by immobilized A. succinogenes cells, using a bioreactor with stirred/mobile bed of biocatalysts.

Material And Method: The experiments have been carried out for different sizes of biocatalysts particle, under substrate and product inhibitory effects.

[Selective separation of vitamin C and 2-ketogluconic acid by facilitated pertraction].

The removal of vitamin C from a mixture with 2-ketogluconic acid by using a bulk liquid membrane (BLM) has been investigated. The studies on facilitated pertraction of vitamin C with Amberlite LA-2 indicated the major parameters that affect the separation efficiency: pH gradient between the two aqueous phases, carrier concentration in the liquid membrane and phase mixing intensity. The overall results obtained in this work showed that liquid membrane system can effectively be used to selectively separate vitamin C from its mixture with the fermentation by-product, 2-ketogluconic acid.

Comparative analysis of oxygen transfer rate distribution in stirred bioreactor for simulated and real fermentation broths.

Study of the distribution of the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, k (l) a, for a stirred bioreactor and simulated (pseudoplastic solutions of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt) bacterial (P. shermanii), yeast (S. cerevisiae), and fungal (P.

[Improving the efficacy of synergetically facilitated pertraction of p-aminobenzoic acid by increasing the reextraction rate].

The studies on facilitated pertraction of PABA with Amberlite LA-2 and 1-octanol as phase modifier indicated the increase of the process efficiency and, implicitly, of the transport capacity of the liquid membrane by adding KOH in the stripping phase. Thus, the use of KOH led to the diminution of the kinetic resistance of the reextraction process, with positive effects on the acid final mass flow and permeability factor. Compared to the similar pertraction systems containing NaOH in the stripping phase and in direct correlation with the pertraction parameters (pH-gradient between the feed and stripping phases, carrier and alchohol concentrations inside the liquid membrane), the final mass flow can be accelerated for about 1.

[Analysis of oxygen transfer in bioreactors for fungus broths. 2. Suspensions of P. chrysogenum mycelial associations].

Unlike the P. shermanii and S. cerevisiae cultures, the study on the distribution of oxygen transfer in stirred bioreactor for P.

[Separation of erythromycin by direct pertraction from simulated broths].

Erythromycin has been separated from simulated broths by free and facilitated pertraction with D2EHPA dissolved in dichloromethane using an U-shaped pertraction cell. The pertraction has been analyzed by means of initial and final mass flows and permeability factor. The main factors which control the pertraction efficiency were identified to be the pH-gradient between the feed and stripping phase, aqueous phases viscosities and mixing intensity.