Comparison of Associations of Food Security Instruments and Mediators With Premature All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Death in US Adults.

Background: Food insecurity is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is typically measured with the 10-item US Adult Food Security Survey Module. Shorter instruments may capture similar information, but this has not been validated against mortality in general populations.

Methods: A nationally representative sample of individuals aged 20 to 74 years from the US National Health Interview Survey 2011 to 2018 was included, with deaths linked to the National Death Index through 2019.

Multiple job holding, working hours, and hypertension by race/ethnicity and sex.

The number of Americans with multiple jobs is increasing and multiple jobholders work more hours per week. However, the associations between multiple jobholding and hypertension are unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of multiple jobholding with hypertension and determine whether weekly working hours moderated this association.

Structural racism and geographic access to food retailers in the United States: A scoping review.

This scoping review summarized findings and key measures from U.S.-based studies that 1) examined associations between geographic indicators of structural racism (e.

Household Composition, Income, and Fast-Food Consumption among Black Women and Men.

Black adults are more likely to consume meals from fast-food restaurants than other racial/ethnic groups with implications for disparities in dietary quality and obesity outcomes. Family and economic characteristics are associated with fast-food consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the association between household composition, income, and fast-food consumption among Black women and men.

Work-life interference and health by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States.

Work-life interference has detrimental impacts on health outcomes. However, there are potential differences in these associations at the intersection of race/ethnicity and sex. The aim of this study was to examine whether race/ethnicity moderates the associations of work-life interference with health outcomes among women and men.

Difference in All-Cause Mortality between Unemployed and Employed Black Men: Analysis Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III.

The Black-White racial employment disparity and its link to mortality have demonstrated the health benefits obtained from employment. Further, racial/ethnic mortality disparities existing among men with different employment statuses have been previously documented. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between employment status and all-cause mortality among Black men.

Association between Proximity to Food Sources and Dietary Behaviors in Black and White College Graduates.

Objectives: Unequal access to healthy food environments is often implicated in racial inequities in health and behaviors that are largest among college graduates. The aim of this study was to determine associations between perceived proximity to food sources and dietary behaviors between black and white college graduates.

Methods: In a cross-sectional online survey of dietary behaviors between black and white adults who have a ≥ 4-year bachelor's degree, respondents were asked how long it typically takes for them to get to grocery stores and fast-food restaurants from home.

Public Health Workforce Perceptions About Organizational Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Results From PH WINS 2021.

Objective: In response to calls to achieve racial equity, racism has been declared as a public health crisis. Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) is an approach public health organizations are pursuing to address racial inequities in health. However, public health workforce perceptions about organizational commitment to DEI have not yet been assessed.

Self-employment, educational attainment, and hypertension among Black women and men.

Background: Self-employment is generally associated with better health outcomes and educational attainment can shape self-employment. Yet, Black Americans are less likely to be self-employed and analyses of self-employment and health among Black Americans are few. The aim of this study was to determine how educational attainment moderates the associations between self-employment and hypertension among Black adults.

Self-Employment, Working Hours, and Hypertension by Race/Ethnicity in the USA.

There is a large literature on work-related characteristics and hypertension, but studies on self-employment, longer working hours, and hypertension are mixed. Assessments of self-employment should be extended to account for people with part-time self-employment (i.e.

State-Level Socioeconomic Racial Inequity and Food Insecurity in the U.S.

Introduction: Racial inequities in food insecurity have been documented for the past 2 decades in the U.S., with the prevalence of food insecurity among Black households being 2-3 times higher than that among White households across time.

Hypertension and cognitive function: a review of life-course factors and disparities.

Purpose Of Review: Dementia is a life-course condition with modifiable risk factors many from cardiovascular (CV) origin, and disproportionally affects some race/ethnic groups and underserved communities in the USA. Hypertension (HTN) is the most common preventable and treatable condition that increases the risk for dementia and exacerbates dementia pathology. Epidemiological studies beginning in midlife provide strong evidence for this association.

Allostatic Load, Income, and Race Among Black and White Men in the United States.

Research indicates that income is significantly associated with allostatic load (AL) and that this association may differ between White and Black Americans. Most existing income-AL link work focuses on women and less is known about this association among men. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined whether race moderates the association between income and AL among Black and White men in the United States ( = 5,685).

Neighborhood Police Encounters, Health, And Violence In A Southern City.

The disproportionate rates of police surveillance and encounters in many communities in the US may be contributing to inequities in health and violence. Frequent policing in communities, which may often also be aggressive policing, has been associated with diminished health and well-being. This study adds to the growing body of research on this issue by examining the relationships between neighborhood police stop-and-frisk encounters and both health outcomes and violence rates in New Orleans, Louisiana, in an ecological, cross-sectional study using local police report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and census data.

Early Life Racial Discrimination, Racial Centrality, and Allostatic Load Among African American Older Adults.

Background And Objectives: Prior research documents accelerated physiological aging among African Americans due to their greater lifetime exposure to social and economic adversity. Yet, less is known about the mechanisms through which early life stressors, such as early life racial discrimination (ELRD), and later life psychosocial resources, such as racial centrality (i.e.

Familial Financial Assistance and Body Mass Index in Black College Graduates.

Racial disparities in obesity are larger between Black and White college graduates compared to disparities among those who did not complete high school. A possible explanation is that Black adults with higher socioeconomic status (SES) experience unique obesogenic determinants. Black adults who have completed a 4-year college degree can report "uplift stress" from providing financial assistance to family members.

Household Composition, Income, and Body Mass Index Among Adults by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.

Objective: Disparities in obesity highlight the need for an examination of determinants that may be uniquely experienced by race and sex. An understudied factor is household composition with the potential for variation in its obesogenic impacts. This study examines the association between household composition and body mass index (BMI) among Black, Hispanic, and White adults and determines whether income moderates these associations.

Association between Income and Obesity in Black Men: The Role of Work-Life Interference.

Obesity rates increase as household income increases among Black men, yet only a few studies have sought to understand this unique association. Scholars have posited that gendered stressors like role strain that are work-related could play a role in obesity among Black men. Work-life interference is a concept that captures the conflict between work life and family/personal life.

Structural Racial Inequities in Socioeconomic Status, Urban-Rural Classification, and Infant Mortality in US Counties.

Objectives: Despite improvements in infant mortality rates (IMR) in the United States, racial gaps in IMR remain and may be driven by both structural racism and place. This study assesses the relationship between structural racism and race-specific IMR and the role of urban-rural classification on race-specific IMR and Black/White racial gaps in IMR.

Methods: We conducted an analysis of variance tests using 2019 County Health Rankings Data to determine differences in structural racism indicators, IMR and other co-variates by urban-rural classification.

The Role of Weight Perception in Race Differences in BMI Among College Graduate and Non-College Graduate Women.

Objective: Racial differences in BMI increase with education. Weight perception may be an important factor in overweight and obesity in black women. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of weight underassessment on race differences in BMI in college graduates compared with non-college graduates.

Racial Non-equivalence of Socioeconomic Status and Self-rated Health among African Americans and Whites.

Racial health inequities are not fully explained by socioeconomic status (SES) measures like education, income and wealth. The largest inequities are observed among African American and white college graduates suggesting that African Americans do not receive the same health benefits of education. African Americans do not receive the same income and wealth returns of college education as their white counterparts indicating a racial non-equivalence of SES that may affect health inequities.

The Association Between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Hypertension in a Low-Income, Racially Integrated Urban Community.

We examined the association between perceived racial discrimination and hypertension among African Americans and whites who live in a low-income, racially integrated, urban community. Hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or more, a diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or more, or taking antihypertensive medication(s). Perceived racial discrimination was based on self-reported responses of experiencing racial discrimination in various settings.

The Role of Social Support in Moderating the Relationship between Race and Hypertension in a Low-Income, Urban, Racially Integrated Community.

In the US, African Americans have a higher prevalence of hypertension than Whites. Previous studies show that social support contributes to the racial differences in hypertension but are limited in accounting for the social and environmental effects of racial residential segregation. We examined whether the association between race and hypertension varies by the level of social support among African Americans and Whites living in similar social and environmental conditions, specifically an urban, low-income, racially integrated community.

Self-Rated Health and Structural Racism Indicated by County-Level Racial Inequalities in Socioeconomic Status: The Role of Urban-Rural Classification.

Recent attention to the interrelationship between racism, socioeconomic status (SES) and health has led to a small, but growing literature of empirical work on the role of structural racism in population health. Area-level racial inequities in SES are an indicator of structural racism, and the associations between structural racism indicators and self-rated health are unknown. Further, because urban-rural differences have been observed in population health and are associated with different manifestations of structural racism, explicating the role of urban-rural classification is warranted.

Associations between Obesity, Obesogenic Environments, and Structural Racism Vary by County-Level Racial Composition.

Obesity rates in the U.S. are associated with area-level, food-related characteristics.