Equivalence between physicians and associate clinicians in the frequency of iatrogenic urogenital fistula following cesarean section in Tanzania and Malawi.

Background: Physicians and associate (non-physician) clinicians conduct cesarean sections in Tanzania and Malawi. Urogenital fistulas may occur as complications of cesarean section. Location and circumstances can indicate iatrogenic origin as opposed to ischemic injury following prolonged, obstructed labor.

Rare causes of genital fistula in nine African countries: a retrospective review.

Background: Most genital fistulas result from prolonged, obstructed labor or surgical complications. Other causes include trauma (from accidents, traditional healers, or sexual violence), radiation, carcinoma, infection, unsafe abortion, and congenital malformation.

Methods: This retrospective records review focuses on rare fistula causes among 6,787 women who developed fistula after 1980 and sought treatment between 1994 and 2017 in Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Somalia, and South Sudan.

A retrospective review of genital fistula occurrence in nine African countries.

Background: Female genital fistulas are abnormal communications that lead to urinary and/or fecal incontinence. This analysis compares the characteristics of women with fistulas to understand how countries differ from one another in the circumstances of genital fistula development.

Methods: This retrospective records review evaluated demographics and circumstances of fistula development for 6,787 women who sought fistula treatment between 1994 and 2017 in Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Zambia, and Ethiopia.

Iatrogenic genito-urinary fistula following cesarean birth in nine sub-Saharan African countries: a retrospective review.

Background: Genito-urinary fistulas may occur as complications of obstetric surgery. Location and circumstances can indicate iatrogenic origin as opposed to pressure necrosis following prolonged, obstructed labor.

Methods: This retrospective review focuses on 787 women with iatrogenic genito-urinary fistulas among 2942 women who developed fistulas after cesarean birth between 1994 and 2017.

Factors associated with marital status of women with genital fistula after childbirth: a retrospective review in nine African countries.

Objective: To examine characteristics associated with remaining married with fistula.

Design: Retrospective record review and logistic regression.

Setting: Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Somalia and South Sudan.

Patient-reported outcomes for diabetes and hypertension care in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review.

Introduction: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) assess patients' perspectives on their health status, providing opportunities to improve the quality of care. While PROMs are increasingly used in high-income settings, limited data are available on PROMs use for diabetes and hypertension in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This scoping review aimed to determine how PROMs are employed for diabetes and hypertension care in LMICs.

Diagnosis and management of 365 ureteric injuries following obstetric and gynecologic surgery in resource-limited settings.

Introduction: Ureteric injuries are among the most serious complications of pelvic surgery. The incidence in low-resource settings is not well documented.

Methods: This retrospective review analyzes a cohort of 365 ureteric injuries with ureterovaginal fistulas in 353 women following obstetric and gynecologic operations in 11 countries in Africa and Asia, all low-resource settings.

The perils of straying from protocol: sampling bias and interviewer effects.

Fidelity to research protocol is critical. In a contingent valuation study in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, participants responded differently to the three trained interviewers. Interviewer effects were present during the survey pilot, then magnified at the start of the main survey after a seemingly slight adaptation of the survey sampling protocol allowed interviewers to speak with the "closest neighbor" in the event that no one was home at a selected household.

Iatrogenic genitourinary fistula: an 18-year retrospective review of 805 injuries.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Genitourinary fistula poses a public health challenge in areas where women have inadequate access to quality emergency obstetric care. Fistulas typically develop during prolonged, obstructed labor, but providers can also inadvertently cause a fistula when performing obstetric or gynecological surgery.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzes 805 iatrogenic fistulas from a series of 5,959 women undergoing genitourinary fistula repair in 11 countries between 1994 and 2012.

Community participation to refine measures of socio-economic status in urban slum settings in Kenya.

Ownership of household durable assets can be a useful proxy for determining relative socio-economic status in a community, but the assets that should be measured are not always unambiguous. Often the selection of asset variables has been ad hoc or not well explained in the literature. Although the benefits of conducting focus groups to design surveys are widely recognized, the use of focus groups to adapt community-specific asset indices has not previously been reported in Kenya.