Body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic risk over time: Findings from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

Few studies have adequately assessed the simultaneous effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) and body mass on cardiometabolic risk. Hence, the current study's aims were twofold: (1) To determine whether increases in body mass result in higher cardiometabolic risk after controlling for fitness changes; and (2) To assess whether increases in fitness result in lower cardiometabolic risk after controlling for weight changes. The study consisted of 3534 patients who came for preventive medicine visits ≥4 times over any 10-year period (1979-2019).

Relation of Coronary Artery Diameters With Cardiorespiratory Fitness.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when adjusted for traditional risk factors. Mechanisms by which fitness reduces risk have been studied but remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that higher fitness is associated with larger coronary artery diameters independent of its effect on traditional risk factors.

Moderate to High Levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Attenuate the Effects of Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio on Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Men.

Objective: To examine the prospective relationships among cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), fasting blood triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG:HDL-C), and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in men.

Methods: A total of 40,269 men received a comprehensive baseline clinical examination between January 1, 1978, and December 31, 2010. Their CRF was determined from a maximal treadmill exercise test.

Dietary Patterns and Long-Term Survival: A Retrospective Study of Healthy Primary Care Patients.

Background: Dietary patterns are related to mortality in selected populations with comorbidities. We studied whether dietary patterns are associated with long-term survival in a middle-aged, healthy population.

Methods: In this observational cohort study at the Cooper Clinic preventive medicine center (Dallas, Tex), a volunteer sample of 11,376 men and women with no history of myocardial infarction or stroke completed a baseline dietary assessment between 1987 and 1999 and were observed for an average of 18 years.

High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Low Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck (FN) in postmenopausal women using existing Cooper Center Longitudinal Study data.

Materials And Methods: A cohort of 1,720 predominantly healthy Caucasian women (57.1 ± 6.

The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Bone Mineral Density in Men: A Cross-sectional Study.

Objective: To determine the relationship between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD) in men.

Patients And Methods: This cross-sectional study included 2569 men aged 50 to 90 years (mean, 63.5 years) who had at least 1 health examination at a preventive medicine clinic between January 27, 1998, and February 24, 2015.

Association between omega-3 fatty acids and serum prostate-specific antigen.

We examined the association between omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a cross-sectional analysis of 6219 men examined at the Cooper Clinic from 2009 to 2013. We assayed O3FAs from red blood cell membranes and measured PSA levels in study participants. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between O3FAs and PSA.

Independent and joint effects of sedentary time and cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause mortality: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

Objectives: To examine the independent and joint effects of sedentary time and cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) on all-cause mortality.

Design, Setting, Participants: A prospective study of 3141 Cooper Center Longitudinal Study participants. Participants provided information on television (TV) viewing and car time in 1982 and completed a maximal exercise test during a 1-year time frame; they were then followed until mortality or through 2010.

Standing, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings From the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

Objective: To examine the cross-sectional relationships between standing time, obesity, and metabolic syndrome alongside and independent of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA).

Participants And Methods: The primary study sample consisted of 7075 adult patients (aged 20-79 years) from Cooper Clinic (Dallas, Texas). In this cross-sectional study we assessed the associations between reported standing time and directly measured obesity (body mass index ≥ 30), elevated waist circumference (men: ≥ 102 cm; women: ≥ 88 cm), body fat percentage (men: ≥ 25%; women ≥ 30%), and metabolic syndrome (yes/no).

The association of fitness with reduced cardiometabolic risk among smokers.

Introduction: Despite the health benefits associated with smoking cessation, continued smoking and relapse following cessation are common. Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in general, though less is known about how cardiorespiratory fitness may influence cardiometabolic risk among smokers. Strategies are needed to protect against the health consequences of smoking among those unwilling or unable to quit smoking.

Is There a Gradient of Mortality Risk among Men with Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness?

Purpose: A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause mortality in men; however, it is unknown whether a gradient of mortality risk exists within the lowest CRF category.

Methods: A total of 6251 apparently healthy men (mean age, 48.7 ± 6.

Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health?

Physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) both have inverse relationships to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Recent position papers and guidelines have identified the important role of both of these factors in CV health. The benefits of PA and CRF in the prevention of CV disease and risk factors are reviewed.

Sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk in men: the cooper center longitudinal study.

Objective: To examine the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk, while taking into account cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) and physical activity.

Participants And Methods: We examined the association of sedentary behavior, physical activity, and fitness (exposure variables) to cardiometabolic biomarkers and metabolic syndrome (outcome measures) among a historic cohort (January 2, 1981, through October 16, 2012) of men. First, we estimated the association (cross-sectionally and longitudinally) of sedentary behavior along with physical activity and fitness to lipids and lipoproteins, glucose, blood pressure, and markers of adiposity, including body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage.

Association of multiple adiposity exposures and cardiorespiratory fitness with all-cause mortality in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

Objective: To examine the additive effects of an increased number of positive adiposity exposures on all-cause mortality in men before and after stratification by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level.

Patients And Methods: A total of 36,836 men underwent a physical examination at the Cooper Clinic from January 1, 1971, through December 31, 2006. Exposures included body mass index, waist circumference, percentage of body fat, and CRF as determined by duration of a maximal exercise test.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and heart failure mortality in men: Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

Background: We evaluated the individual and joint associations among cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index, and heart failure (HF) mortality, as well as the additive effect of an increasing number of cardiovascular risk factors on HF mortality in fit versus unfit men.

Methods And Results: A total of 44 674 men without a history of cardiovascular disease underwent a baseline examination between 1971 and 2010. Measures included body mass index and CRF quantified as duration of maximal treadmill exercise testing.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, alcohol intake, and metabolic syndrome incidence in men.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to prospectively examine the independent and joint effects of alcohol consumption and cardiorespiratory fitness on the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a cohort of men.

Methods: A prospective examination was done of 3411 apparently healthy men at baseline, who came to the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, TX) for at least two preventive visits (1979-2010). Primary exposure variables were cardiorespiratory fitness and alcohol intake; the outcome measure was MetS and the components thereof.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, LDL cholesterol, and CHD mortality in men.

Introduction: There are no published data regarding the joint association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and LDL cholesterol concentration with subsequent CHD mortality in men.

Methods: A total of 40,718 healthy men received a comprehensive baseline clinical examination between 1971 and 2006. CRF was determined from a maximal treadmill exercise test.

Computerized self-monitoring and technology-assisted feedback for weight loss with and without an enhanced behavioral component.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a 12-week weight management intervention involving computerized self-monitoring and technology-assisted feedback with and without an enhanced behavioral component.

Methods: 120 overweight (30.5±2.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, different measures of adiposity, and total cancer mortality in women.

The objective was to examine associations among cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), adiposity, and cancer mortality in women. Healthy women (N = 14,256) without cancer history completed a baseline health examination 1970-2005. Measures included BMI, percent body fat (%Fat), and CRF quantified as duration of a maximal treadmill test.

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the cooper center longitudinal study.

Objective: Previous research examining the relationships among glycemic index, glycemic load, and the metabolic syndrome has resulted in inconsistent findings. The objective of this study was to examine whether glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome and its components after adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness, an objective measure of physical activity habitus.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, macronutrient intake, and the metabolic syndrome: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.

Objective: This study examines the cross-sectional associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and the metabolic syndrome with adjustment for macronutrient intake from 3-day dietary records.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Subjects/setting: Women and men who had a comprehensive medical examination, including a symptom-limited maximal treadmill exercise test, and completed 3-day dietary records at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas, TX.

Attitudes toward obese individuals among exercise science students.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate attitudes toward obese individuals and to identify personal characteristics associated with antifat bias among students majoring in exercise science.

Methods: Undergraduate (N = 136) and graduate (N = 110) students (mean age 23.2 yr, 55% male, 77% Caucasian) completed a series of questionnaires to assess attitudes toward obese individuals.