Protein requirements of adults from an evolutionary perspective.

It is argued that the observed minimum needs for protein and individual amino acids by adult humans and animals may merely reflect the diet that their predecessors consumed in the course of their evolution. The ability to adapt to diets with a lower proportion of protein than was ever encountered in practice would have given no competitive advantage. This can explain the limited ability to reduce rates of amino acid catabolism.

Evaluating library resources for accreditation: results of a study.

When the nursing collection at the University of Illinois Library of the Health Sciences was evaluated in 1990 for an accreditation self-study for the National League for Nursing, the evaluation was broadened to study resources, faculty participation in selecting them, and completeness of holdings. To evaluate holdings, lists were checked and conspectus and comparative statistical data were analyzed. Organization and collection development were also described, to document faculty input.

Human liver long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a multifunctional membrane-bound beta-oxidation enzyme of mitochondria.

We have purified to homogeneity the long-chain specific 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase from mitochondrial membranes of human infant liver. The enzyme is composed of non-identical subunits of 71 kDa and 47 kDa within a native structure of 230 kDa. The pure enzyme is active with 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA and gives maximum activity with 3-ketoacyl-CoA substrates of C10 to C16 acyl-chain length but is inactive with acetoacetyl-CoA.

Differential diagnosis of hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria based on release of 3H2O from [9,10-3H]myristic and [9,10-3H]palmitic acids by intact cultured fibroblasts.

Intact cultured fibroblasts from patients with deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase release 3H2O from [9,10-3H]myristic acid and [9,10-3H]palmitic acid more slowly than normal. The ratio of activity (palmitate/myristate) is also low and the expression (rate with palmitate2/(rate with myristate) gives good differentiation between affected and unaffected cells. In some patients who have shown hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria when unwell there is reduced 3H2O production from [9,10-3H]myristic and [9,10-3H]palmitic acids by intact cultured fibroblasts but normal 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities in disrupted cells.

Oxygen radicals and atherosclerosis.

There is increasing evidence that lipids, especially those in low density lipoprotein, may be oxidised during the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The lipid-laden "foam cells" of atherosclerosis are macrophages, which are known to produce oxygen radicals in their microbicidal role. The same process could result in oxidation of lipid or lipoprotein in atherosclerosis.

Contribution of the dog to the science of nutrition.

In the 19th century when the basic principles of nutrition were established, the main work was done first in France and then in Germany. In each country dogs were the overwhelming choice as the model experimental animal. In France the complexity of nutritional requirements first came to be appreciated and the inadequacy of gelatin as a substitute for muscle protein was identified.

Oxygen transport in the blood.

Knowledge of how oxygen is dissolved in the blood, transmitted through the bloodstream, and factors that affect oxygen delivery to body cells, is essential to the nursing management of the critically ill patient whose inherent physiologic mechanisms have been compromised by life-threatening illness. This article begins with a simplified review of respiration, progresses through a discussion of oxygen tension in the blood and hemoglobin transport of oxygen, and ends with a discussion of factors that affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

Anterograde amnesia with fornix damage following removal of IIIrd ventricle colloid cyst.

Two patients developed anterograde amnesia following the apparently uncomplicated transcallosal-transventricular removal of a colloid cyst. Damage to the fornical columns was demonstrated on CT and MRI scans, whilst other memory related structures were entirely normal. Longitudinal neuropsychological evaluation, over 12-24 months, has revealed a very similar pattern of deficit in the two cases: verbal memory has remained persistently impaired whilst nonverbal anterograde memory has improved to some degree.

Later rather than sooner: extralinguistic categories in the acquisition of Thai classifiers.

An experimental elicitation task with children between the ages of 1;8 and 11;3 shows that children learning Thai numerical classifiers begin with purely distributional information: specifically, (1) that classifiers must appear in the post-numeral position, and (2) that classifiers comprise a conventional, closed set of words. Semantic organizing features, such as salient features of the head noun's referent, appear later than these syntagmatic organizing features. Use of such semantic information is not an immature 'first guess' at grammatical categories, but rather, a necessary component of adult linguistic competence, because the categories are productive both for older children and for adults.

Ceroid accumulation by murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to artificial lipid-containing particles: the role of the hydrophilic component.

Murine resident peritoneal macrophages were maintained in cell culture in a medium containing 10% lipoprotein-deficient foetal calf serum to which various artificial lipid-containing particles were added. These had a core of oxidizable lipid, generally cholesteryl linoleate, and were stabilized in aqueous suspension by one of a variety of poly-L-amino acids, proteins or polysaccharides. Most particles, except those containing poly-L-lysine or poly-L-arginine (both strongly basic), were readily taken up by the macrophages to form typical ceroid inclusions, the morphological form of which was determined by the nature of the core lipid.

Macrophages and ceroid in human atherosclerosis.

It is proposed that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which monocyte-derived macrophages are doing harm and smooth muscle cells are essentially reparative. Activities of macrophages that might be contributory to the development of atherosclerosis are tabulated. Observations and experiments are described that suggest macrophages may be contributing to lipoprotein oxidation within the plaque and that individual humans vary in their macrophage oxidative capacity.

Oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate by human monocyte-macrophages in vitro.

The amount of cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 beta-diol (CD) was significantly higher in cultures of human monocytes incubated with cholesteryl linoleate-bovine serum albumin (CL/BSA) artificial lipoproteins than in no-cell control incubations of CL/BSA. CD production by monocytes was almost completely inhibited by the radical scavengers butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), probucol, and alpha-tocopherol, and was partially inhibited by the metal chelator EDTA. The production of CD was accompanied by decrease in linoleic acid.

D(+)-glyceric aciduria: etiology and clinical consequences.

A family comprising mother, father, and five children is described. Four of the children were found to excrete massive amounts of D(+)-glyceric acid in their urine. This was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the configuration determined by capillary gas chromatography of O-acetylated menthyl esters.