An assessment of patient perspectives on pharmacogenomics educational materials.

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) holds potential to improve patient treatment; yet, effective patient educational materials are limited. Using a 'think aloud' technique, we sought to understand comprehension and perceptions of a multimedia PGx results packet including a cover letter with QR code to an educational video, brochure and prototype report in the context of PGx case vignettes. The cover letter and video components were viewed less favorably due to excess detail, complex jargon and technology challenges.

Implementation of a pharmacogenomics education program for pharmacists.

Purpose: The development, implementation, and evaluation of a pharmacogenomics education program for pharmacists in a large, integrated multicampus health system are described.

Summary: Pharmacogenomics has been described as tailoring medications to each patient's unique genetic sequence with the goals of minimizing harmful effects and optimizing therapeutic effects. Pharmacists are uniquely trained to lead the implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical care.

Education and Knowledge in Pharmacogenomics: Still a Challenge?

A number of barriers exist for adoption of pharmacogenomics into practice. Physicians, pharmacists, and nurses report limited knowledge about pharmacogenomics and its use in patient care. Lack of pharmacogenomics education curricula as part of professional schools or postgraduate training programs has been reported as a potential cause.

Healthcare provider education to support integration of pharmacogenomics in practice: the eMERGE Network experience.

Ten organizations within the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network developed programs to implement pharmacogenomic sequencing and clinical decision support into clinical settings. Recognizing the importance of informed prescribers, a variety of strategies were used to incorporate provider education to support implementation. Education experiences with pharmacogenomics are described within the context of each organization's prior involvement, including the scope and scale of implementation specific to their Electronic Medical Records and Genomics projects.

Participant-perceived understanding and perspectives on pharmacogenomics: the Mayo Clinic RIGHT protocol (Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time).

Purpose: To examine predictors of understanding preemptive CYP2D6 pharmacogenomics test results and to identify key features required to improve future educational efforts of preemptive pharmacogenomics testing.

Methods: One thousand ten participants were surveyed after receiving preemptive CYP2D6 pharmacogenomics test results.

Results: Eighty-six percent (n = 869) of patients responded.

Multidisciplinary model to implement pharmacogenomics at the point of care.

Purpose: Despite potential clinical benefits, implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) faces many technical and clinical challenges. These challenges can be overcome with a comprehensive and systematic implementation model.

Methods: The development and implementation of PGx were organized into eight interdependent components addressing resources, governance, clinical practice, education, testing, knowledge translation, clinical decision support (CDS), and maintenance.

Practical considerations for implementing genomic information resources. Experiences from eMERGE and CSER.

Objectives: To understand opinions and perceptions on the state of information resources specifically targeted to genomics, and approaches to delivery in clinical practice.

Methods: We conducted a survey of genomic content use and its clinical delivery from representatives across eight institutions in the electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network and two institutions in the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) consortium in 2014.

Results: Eleven responses representing distinct projects across ten sites showed heterogeneity in how content is being delivered, with provider-facing content primarily delivered via the electronic health record (EHR) (n=10), and paper/pamphlets as the leading mode for patient-facing content (n=9).

Pharmacokinetic Pharmacogenetic Prescribing Guidelines for Antidepressants: A Template for Psychiatric Precision Medicine.

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed medications in the United States, and there is increasing interest in individualizing treatment selection for more than 20 US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for major depressive disorder. Providing greater precision to pharmacotherapeutic recommendations for individual patients beyond the large-scale clinical trials evidence base can potentially reduce adverse effect toxicity profiles and increase response rates and overall effectiveness. It is increasingly recognized that genetic variation may contribute to this differential risk to benefit ratio and thus provides a unique opportunity to develop pharmacogenetic guidelines for psychiatry.

Integrating Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Practice: Promise vs Reality.

Background: Limited information is available regarding primary care clinicians' response to pharmacogenomic clinical decision support (PGx-CDS) alerts integrated in the electronic health record.

Methods: In February 2015, 159 clinicians in the Mayo Clinic primary care practice were sent e-mail surveys to understand their perspectives on the implementation and use of pharmacogenomic testing in their clinical practice. Surveys assessed how the clinicians felt about pharmacogenomics and whether they thought electronic PGx-CDS alerts were useful.

Evaluation of the use of clinical decision support and online resources for pharmacogenomics education.

Aim: To assess impact and value of using clinical decision support (CDS) to drive providers toward online pharmacogenomics education.

Materials & Methods: CDS was used to target prescribers of codeine/tramadol, send an educational email, display alert/inbox and provide links to an online resource. Providers were surveyed to assess impact.

Clinical Decision Support to Implement CYP2D6 Drug-Gene Interaction.

The level of CYP2D6 metabolic activity can be predicted by pharmacogenomic testing, and concomitant use of clinical decision support has the potential to prevent adverse effects from those drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Our initial findings after implementation of clinical decision support alerts integrated in the electronic health records suggest high feasibility, but also identify important challenges.

An inter-professional approach to personalized medicine education: one institution's experience.

Personalized medicine offers the promise of better diagnoses, targeted therapies and individualized treatment plans. Pharmacogenomics is an integral component of personalized medicine; it aids in the prediction of an individual's response to medications. Despite growing public acceptance and emerging clinical evidence, this rapidly expanding field of medicine is slow to be adopted and utilized by healthcare providers, although many believe that they should be knowledgeable and able to apply pharmacogenomics in clinical practice.

Implementing individualized medicine into the medical practice.

There is increasing recognition that genomic medicine as part of individualized medicine has a defined role in patient care. Rapid advances in technology and decreasing cost combine to bring genomic medicine closer to the clinical practice. There is also growing evidence that genomic-based medicine can advance patient outcomes, tailor therapy and decrease side effects.

Preemptive genotyping for personalized medicine: design of the right drug, right dose, right time-using genomic data to individualize treatment protocol.

Objective: To report the design and implementation of the Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time-Using Genomic Data to Individualize Treatment protocol that was developed to test the concept that prescribers can deliver genome-guided therapy at the point of care by using preemptive pharmacogenomics (PGx) data and clinical decision support (CDS) integrated into the electronic medical record (EMR).

Patients And Methods: We used a multivariate prediction model to identify patients with a high risk of initiating statin therapy within 3 years. The model was used to target a study cohort most likely to benefit from preemptive PGx testing among the Mayo Clinic Biobank participants, with a recruitment goal of 1000 patients.