Dietary sodium alters aldosterone's effect on renal sodium transporter expression and distal convoluted tubule remodelling.

Aldosterone is responsible for maintaining volume and potassium homeostasis. Although high salt consumption should suppress aldosterone production, individuals with hyperaldosteronism lose this regulation, leading to a state of high aldosterone despite dietary sodium consumption. The present study examines the effects of elevated aldosterone, with or without high salt consumption, on the expression of key Na transporters and remodelling in the distal nephron.

The Impact of Fellowship Training in Academic Plastic Surgery.

Background: The competitive nature of an academic plastic surgery career has contributed to an increase in sub-specialization. The aim of this study is to assess the benefits of subspecialty fellowship training to pursue a career in academic plastic surgery.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of all current academic plastic surgeons (APSs) participating in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-certified residency programs.

Shifting motivational states: The effects of nucleus accumbens dopamine and opioid receptor activation on a modified effort-based choice task.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical for regulating the appetitive and consummatory phases of motivated behavior. These experiments examined the effects of dopamine and opioid receptor manipulations within the NAc during an effort-based choice task that allowed for simultaneous assessment of both phases of motivation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral guide cannulas targeting the NAc core and were tested in 1-hr sessions with free access to rat chow and the choice to work for sugar pellets on a progressive ratio 2 (PR2) reinforcement schedule.

An Evaluation of Race Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery.

Background: Academic plastic surgery has a history of underrepresentation of ethnic and racial minority groups. Recent policy shifts by national medical groups and plastic surgery societies have focused on reversing these inequalities. This study seeks to measure ethnic and racial representation at academic and leadership positions following recent changes.

Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery.

Background: Gender disparities in academic plastic surgery are known; however, recently, professional societies have endorsed a culture of gender diversification. This study aims to evaluate the effects of these changes at faculty and leadership positions.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June of 2018 to evaluate gender representation among U.

Subtypes of psychopathy: proposed differences between narcissistic, borderline, sadistic, and antisocial psychopaths.

Atascadero State Hospital (ASH) is a maximum-security forensic hospital that houses male patients with a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses. Psychopaths at this institution appear to be a heterogeneous group of individuals who, while sharing core personality characteristics, manifest substantial variability in their behavior. Identifying subtypes within this clinical classification can have implications for patient treatment and management, as well as for the safety of the staff who work with them and for the communities to which they will eventually return.