National and Regional Trends in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection From 1998 to 2019.

Objective: To analyze temporal changes and to assess the possible effect of newborn hearing screening (NBHS) programs on changes in congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) diagnostic rates in the United States.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Examining Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Children With Bilateral Cochlear Nerve Deficiency.

Objective: To assess hearing and speech outcomes in pediatric patients with bilateral cochlear nerve deficiency (CND) who underwent cochlear implantation (CI) and to identify factors associated with improved outcomes.

Databases Reviewed: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochran databases were searched following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Methods: Studies that reported hearing and speech outcomes of pediatric patients with bilateral CND who underwent CI were included.

Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) in pediatric patients after COVID-19 infection.

Background: Patients with long-COVID suffer from symptoms that continue or develop after a COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection and are present for four or more weeks after the initial infection. This case series describes a group of previously healthy adolescent patients with long-COVID who were seen in a pediatric vestibular clinic for evaluation of severe dizziness and were diagnosed with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). By presenting their symptoms, management and treatment effects, this study aims to provide a diagnostic and therapeutic framework for providers who encounter these patients.

Pediatric Postoperative Outcomes for Severe and Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Objective: To determine if increasing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity, as determined by preoperative polysomnography data, is an independent risk for respiratory complications and level of follow-up care after adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients ≤21 years of age with severe OSAS (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [OAHI] >10) undergoing adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. Patients were categorized based on preoperative polysomnography data (PSG).

Evaluation of Parental Perspectives and Concerns about Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A Social Media Analysis.

Objective: Parents often experience uncertainty during decision-making for their child's cochlear implantation (CI) surgery, and online forums provide insight on parental opinions that might not be expressed in clinic. This study aims to evaluate parental perspectives and concerns about pediatric CI using social media analysis.

Study Design: Qualitative study.

Clinical Presentation of Pediatric Recurrent Croup: Implications for Diagnosis.

Recurrent croup is a common clinical entity afflicting the pediatric population, but is not well-characterized in the literature. We describe the largest series of recurrent croup in North America from a single tertiary care academic center, and differentiate subpopulations based on demographic characteristics and clinical presentation. We identified 114 patients for inclusion.

Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasoactive neuropeptide that plays a putative role in the pathophysiology of migraine headaches and may be a candidate for biomarker status. CGRP is released from neuronal fibers upon activation and induces sterile neurogenic inflammation and arterial vasodilation in the vasculature that receives trigeminal efferent innervation. The presence of CGRP in the peripheral vasculature has spurred investigations to detect and quantify this neuropeptide in human plasma using proteomic assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Trends in Timing and Provision of Pediatric Cochlear Implant Care During COVID-19.

Objectives: To identify trends in timing of pediatric cochlear implant (CI) care during COVID-19.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: Tertiary care center.

Results and patient satisfaction from an early access infant hearing detection clinic.

Introduction: National recommendations in the United States specify that all infants with hearing impairment should be identified by 3 months of age. Infants who fail universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) require follow up testing after hospital discharge. Follow up testing may be difficult to obtain in some communities within the ideal time frame.

Upper lip tie: A novel classification scale with improved inter-rater reliability.

Objectives: Upper lip tie (ULT) is a clinical condition with restrictive attachment of the superior labial frenulum (SLF), which may inhibit flanging of the lips. Objective outcome studies are lacking in part due to unreliable classification systems that rely solely upon a single attachment parameter of the SLF. This study's objectives are to describe a novel 3-point classification system for ULT and compare its inter-rater reliability to the Kotlow and Stanford systems.

Clinical presentation of paradoxical vocal fold motion or laryngeal dyskinesia in infants.

Objectives: Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is not well-characterized in infants. Sex- and race/ethnicity-based differences have been described in older children with PVFM. This study's objectives are to characterize demographic and clinical characteristics of infants diagnosed with PVFM and investigate sex- and race-specific differences in presentation.

Cochlear Implantation Can Improve Auditory Skills, Language and Social Engagement of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective: To review outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Study Design: Retrospective case review and parent survey.

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Delays in Infant Hearing Detection and Intervention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Commentary.

Early detection and intervention for congenital hearing loss are critical for speech and language development. Newborns should receive hearing screening, diagnosis, and intervention by 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused delays in each step of this process.

Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma: A Multi-institutional Series.

Objective: To assess outcomes of transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES) for congenital cholesteatoma.

Study Design: Case series with chart review of children who underwent TEES for congenital cholesteatoma over a 10-year period.

Setting: Three tertiary referral centers.

Development of a 3-Dimensional Middle Ear Model to Teach Anatomy and Endoscopic Ear Surgical Skills.

Mastery of ear anatomy and otologic surgical skills is challenging for trainees, and educational resources are limited. Advancements in 3-dimensional (3D) printing have enabled the construction of complex microscopic models. Otoendoscopy provides excellent visualization and has been shown to enhance anatomic learning.

Thyroid Lobectomy for T1 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Pediatric Patients.

Importance: The current recommendation for pediatric patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a total thyroidectomy. This recommendation applies to all stages of PTC, including papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (≤1 cm, T1a) tumors.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of American Joint Committee on Cancer T1 PTC tumors in a large pediatric population and to identify a subgroup of patients who may benefit from a thyroid lobectomy instead of a total thyroidectomy.

Early Identification and Management of Congenital Cytomegalovirus.

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Despite its prevalence, universal screening for cCMV is not currently performed. Hearing loss caused by cCMV is most often severe to profound, often bilateral, and may be fluctuating or progressive.

Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Epidemiology, Timely Diagnosis, and Management.

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is common because of the ubiquitous nature of the virus and the lack of an effective prevention strategy during pregnancy. Most infants with cCMV are asymptomatic, although a notable subset can have sequelae including, most commonly, sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disability, which may not be present at birth. Timely screening for cytomegalovirus in the first weeks after birth is critical to appropriately diagnose congenital infection, evaluate affected infants, and determine the treatment course.

Comparison of Traditional Upper Airway Surgery and Upper Airway Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Objective: To compare patients with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) undergoing traditional single and multilevel sleep surgery to those undergoing upper airway stimulation (UAS).

Study Design: Case control study comparing retrospective cohort of patients undergoing traditional sleep surgery to patients undergoing UAS enrolled in the ADHERE registry.

Setting: 8 multinational academic medical centers.

Prospective Determination of Airway Response to Upper Airway Stimulation: A New Opportunity for Advanced Device Titration.

Objectives/hypothesis: Response to upper airway stimulation (UAS) is associated with the degree of airway opening during stimulation. UAS programming may affect this opening. The objective of this study was to examine airway changes in response to five different electrode configurations programmable within the Inspire UAS system.

Mental health among otolaryngology resident and attending physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: National study.

Background: Otolaryngologists are among the highest risk for COVID-19 exposure.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional, survey-based, national study evaluating academic otolaryngologists. Burnout, anxiety, distress, and depression were assessed by the single-item Mini-Z Burnout Assessment, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, 15-item Impact of Event Scale, and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire, respectively.

Management of the difficult airway in the COVID-19 pandemic: Illustrative complex head and neck cancer scenario.

Background: This case highlights challenges in the assessment and management of the "difficult airway" patient in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic era.

Methods: A 60-year-old male with history of recent transoral robotic surgery resection, free flap reconstruction, and tracheostomy for p16+ squamous cell carcinoma presented with stridor and dyspnea 1 month after decannulation. Careful planning by a multidisciplinary team allowed for appropriate staffing and personal protective equipment, preparations for emergency airway management, evaluation via nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, and COVID testing.