Formative evaluation using checklists to improve research proposals.

Developing research proposals that protect human participants and understanding the institutional review board (IRB) approval process require high-level application of many skills. The purpose of this article is to describe how faculty can use formative evaluation techniques and checklists to guide students to build skills in writing research proposals for studies that involve human participants or their data. Formative evaluation, the process of critically reviewing work to improve it, is emphasized, and checklists that summarize IRB criteria and standards and present the critical content of research proposals for studies involving human participants are provided.

Inducing coproporphyria in rat hepatocyte cultures using cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-releasing agents.

Cyclic AMP (c-AMP), added on its own to rat hepatocyte cultures, caused a marked accumulation of coproporphyrin III. The results obtained by comparing the effect of c-AMP to that of exogenous 5-aminolevulinate (ALA), and from adding c-AMP and ALA together, indicated that the coproporphyrinogen III metabolism was blocked, even though no inhibition of the relevant enzyme, coproporphyrinogen oxidase, could be demonstrated. Preferential accumulation of coproporphyrin could also be produced in cultures of rat hepatocytes by agents that raise the cellular levels of cyclic AMP, such as glucagon.

Musculoskeletal injuries associated with selected university staff and faculty in an office environment.

A research team with backgrounds in occupational therapy, rehabilitation, policy and rulemaking, and prevention programs affecting occupational health and safety designed, validated, and analyzed an ergonomics survey of university staff and faculty. The purpose of the study was to validate identified risk factors from the literature contributing to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) in an office setting within a university setting. The study was also designed to determine differences between faculty and staff in the university setting and their exposure to physical risk factors to WRMDs.