Genetic Diversity of the Symbiotic Fungus in Naturally Occurring Host Grass Populations.

festucae is a common symbiont of the perennial and widely distributed cool season grass, . The symbiosis is highly integrated involving systemic growth of the fungus throughout above-ground host parts and vertical transmission from plant to its offspring host seeds. However, the nature of symbiosis is labile ranging from antagonistic to mutualistic depending on prevailing selection pressures.

OPTIMISE: MS study protocol: a pragmatic, prospective observational study to address the need for, and challenges with, real world pharmacovigilance in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The power of 'real world' data to improve our understanding of the clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) is starting to be realised. Disease modifying therapy (DMT) use across the UK is driven by national prescribing guidelines. As such, the UK provides an ideal country in which to gather MS outcomes data.

The relationships between symptoms, disability, perceived health and quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.

: Using the Wilson and Cleary model linking clinical variables to quality of life, we explored the associations between physical and psychological factors, disability, perceived health and quality of life in ALS/MND. : The ongoing UK study of Trajectories of Outcomes in Neurological Conditions (TONiC) recruited participants with ALS/MND to complete a questionnaire pack including demographic factors and several patient reported outcome measures (PROMs); a clinician provided data on disease onset type and duration since diagnosis. All PROMs were transformed from ordinal raw scores to interval-scaled latent estimates via the Rasch measurement model.