Parkinson's Disease (PD) leads to force control issues in both upper and lower limbs, with about 50% of advanced patients experiencing freezing of gait (FOG), which is tied to these deficits.
Limited research has focused on how upper-limb force control is affected in PD patients with partially levodopa-responsive FOG (PLR-FOG) compared to those without FOG.
A study using a haptics-enabled robot revealed significant force control deficits in both limbs of patients with PLR-FOG, although some ability to adjust force in response to resistance remained intact.