GXMR-CAR containing distinct GXM-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mediated the cell activation against spp. And had difference in the strength of tonic signaling.

spp. has a polysaccharide capsule composed of glucuronoxylomannan-GXM, a major virulence factor that can prevent the recognition of fungi by immune cells. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirects T cells to target spp.

Deacetylation by sirtuins is important for pathogenesis and virulence.

Protein acetylation is a crucial post-translational modification that controls gene expression and a variety of biological processes. Sirtuins, a prominent class of NAD -dependent lysine deacetylases, serve as key regulators of protein acetylation and gene expression in eukaryotes. In this study, six single knockout strains of fungal pathogen were constructed, in addition to a strain lacking all predicted sirtuins (SIRTKO).

Extracellular Vesicles Display Increased Survival but Partial Pro-Inflammatory Response by Macrophages.

Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intra- and interspecies communication and are critical in host-fungus interaction, modulating inflammation and immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of EVs over innate leukocytes. EVs induced a partial proinflammatory response by macrophages, characterized by increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and increased gene expression of induced nitric oxide synthase and adhesion molecules.

Addressing Microbial Resistance Worldwide: Challenges over Controlling Life-Threatening Fungal Infections.

Fungal infections are a serious global concern because of their ability to spread and colonize host tissues in immunocompromised individuals. Such infections have been frequently reported worldwide and are currently gaining clinical research relevance owing to their resistant character, representing a bottleneck in treating affected people. Resistant fungi are an emergent public health threat.

Influence of Galectin-3 on the Innate Immune Response during Experimental Cryptococcosis.

, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, is the primary fungal pathogen that affects the immunocompromised individuals. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an animal lectin involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of Gal-3 on the infection.

Altered expression of genes related to innate antifungal immunity in the absence of galectin-3.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the most studied member of the animal galectin family, which comprises β-galactoside-binding lectins and participates in several cellular events. Its expression in cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity is related to anti- and proinflammatory functions, signaling an important role in inflammatory, infectious, and tumorigenesis processes. Mice deficient in Gal-3 exhibit important phenotypes, but it is unclear whether these phenotypes reflect an impairment of the functions of this protein.

Antifungal Agents in Agriculture: Friends and Foes of Public Health.

Fungal diseases have been underestimated worldwide but constitute a substantial threat to several plant and animal species as well as to public health. The increase in the global population has entailed an increase in the demand for agriculture in recent decades. Accordingly, there has been worldwide pressure to find means to improve the quality and productivity of agricultural crops.

iNOS/Arginase-1 expression in the pulmonary tissue over time during infection.

Inhalation of yeasts (causing cryptococcosis) triggers an anti-cryptococcal immune response initiated by macrophages, neutrophils or dendritic cells, and the iNOS expressed by various cells may regulate the function and differentiation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we evaluated the effect of progression of infection on the host innate immune response. infection in BALB/c mice spreads to several organs by 21 d post infection.

Galectin-3 Inhibits Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Growth and Impacts Paracoccidioidomycosis through Multiple Mechanisms.

The thermodimorphic pathogenic fungi and are the etiologic causes of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), an animal β-galactoside-binding protein, modulates important roles during microbial infections, such as triggering a Th2-polarized immune response in PCM. Herein, we demonstrate that Gal-3 also plays other important roles in infection.

Extracellular Vesicles From the Dermatophyte Modulate Macrophage and Keratinocyte Functions.

The release of biomolecules critically affects all pathogens and their establishment of diseases. For the export of several biomolecules in diverse species, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is considered to represent an alternative transport mechanism, but no study to date has investigated EVs from dermatophytes. Here, we describe biologically active EVs from the dermatophyte , a causative agent of mycoses worldwide.

Galectin-3 impacts Cryptococcus neoformans infection through direct antifungal effects.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcosis, which is a major opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein Galectin-3 (Gal-3) modulates the host innate and adaptive immunity, and plays significant roles during microbial infections including some fungal diseases. Here we show that this protein plays a role also in C.