Psychosocial outcomes among youth with spinal cord injury and their primary caregivers.

Background: Past research has found youth with disabilities to experience poor psychosocial outcomes, but little is known about factors related to psychosocial health among youth with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Objective: To describe psychosocial health among youth with SCI, examine relationships between psychosocial outcomes and demographic and injury-related factors, and examine relationships between aspects of psychosocial health. Youth activity, participation, quality of life (QOL), coping, anxiety and depression, and caregiver mental health were included.

Long-term outcomes of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries as a function of neurological impairment.

Objective: To identify outcomes of participation, life satisfaction, and medical complications as a function of impairment in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods: Study participants were adults who sustained SCI at age 18 years or younger and were interviewed at age 24 years or older (M = 26.9, SD = 3.

Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries.

Aim To determine the levels of anxiety and depression in young people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and their associated factors and outcomes. Method Children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years at interview who had sustained SCI at least 1 year before the study were assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, and a demographic questionnaire designed for the study. Results The 118 participants (61 males, 57 females) had a mean age of 12 years 4 months, SD 3 y 1 mo, range 7-17 y.

Change in life satisfaction of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

Objectives: To examine the change in life satisfaction over time and potential contributing factors among adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: Prospective dynamic cohort study.

Setting: Community.

Coping with spinal cord injury: strategies used by adults who sustained their injuries as children or adolescents.

Objective: To identify the coping strategies used by adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCI) and to determine how these coping strategies were related to demographics, injury-related factors, and adult outcomes.

Methods: Study Participants were adults who sustained SCI at age 18 years or younger and were interviewed at age 24 years or older. This is part of a large longitudinal study for which there were 864 eligible participants.

Ambulation in children and youth with spinal cord injuries.

Objective: To delineate the natural history of ambulation of children and youth with spinal cord injuries (SCls).

Design: Retrospective single-center.

Participants/methods: One hundred sixty-nine subjects who sustained SCI at 18 years of age or younger and who were followed up for at least 4 years.

Estimation of resting energy expenditure in children with spinal cord injuries.

Background/objective: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is the amount of energy needed to maintain energy balance. Prediction equations exist to estimate REE for adults. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) can be used to estimate energy needs for children but may not be suitable for children with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Depression in adults who sustained spinal cord injuries as children or adolescents.

Study Design: Interview survey.

Objective: To assess depression in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCI) and to determine demographic and injury-related factors, and outcomes associated with depression, and to determine which other outcomes are associated with depression.

Methods: Subjects were adults with pediatric-onset SCI who sustained SCI at age < or =18 years and were interviewed at age > or =24 years.

Stability of transition to adulthood among individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries.

Background/objective: Cross-sectional studies have provided information about the outcomes of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCIs), but there has been no information about the stability of those outcomes over time. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of independent living, employment, and life satisfaction and to determine factors associated with stable, successful outcomes.

Methods: Structured interviews of individuals who had sustained an SCI at age 18 years or younger and were 24 years or older at first interview.

Unique issues in pediatric spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injuries are devastating events, and they are particularly tragic when they affect children or adolescents who have barely had an opportunity to experience life. Of the approximately 10,000 individuals who sustain spinal cord injury each year in the United States, 3% to 5% occur in individuals younger than 15 years of age and approximately 20% occur in those younger than 20 years of age (Nobunaga, Go, & Karunas, 1999). Because of the growth and development inherent in children and adolescents and the unique manifestations and complications associated with spinal cord injuries, management must be developmentally based and directed to the individual's special needs (Vogel, 1997).

Overview of adult outcomes in pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries: implications for transition to adulthood.

Objective: To provide an overview of the adult outcomes of individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and the implications of those findings for transition to adulthood.

Method: Structured interview including standardized measures.

Participants: Individuals who sustained SCI at < or = 18 years of age and were > or = 24 years of age at interview; matched community controls.

Prevalence and etiology of autonomic dysreflexia in children with spinal cord injuries.

Objective: To delineate the prevalence, etiologies, clinical manifestations, complications, and management of autonomic dysreflexia in individuals who sustained spinal cord injury (SCI) as children.

Method: Retrospective chart review.

Participants: All individuals with > or = T6 SCI who were injured at 13 years of age or younger and who were cared for at one pediatric SCI program.

Spinal cord injuries in children and adolescents: a review.

This introductory review provides an overview of pediatric-onset spinal cord injury, emphasizing unique clinical and epidemiologic features, pathophysiology, medical and musculoskeletal complications, and psychosocial and management issues. Developmental factors influence the approach to bowel and bladder programs, mobility, patient education, and management of complications. Rehabilitation goals must be set for each developmental stage, with the final goal being that of a satisfying and productive adult life.

Community integration among adults with spinal cord injuries sustained as children or adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with community integration of adults who sustained spinal cord injuries as children or adolescents. Outcome measures included the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique and measures of independent living. Independent variables include demographic factors, level of injury, functional independence as measured by the Functional Independence Measure, and perceived health as measured by Short Form-12 physical and mental component scores.

Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries: part 3: impact of medical complications.

Objective: To determine the impact of medical complications on adult outcomes of individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI).

Method: Structured interview including standardized measures.

Participants: Individuals who sustained SCI at age 18 years or younger and were 24 years of age or older at interview.

Life satisfaction in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries.

Objective: To determine the level of life satisfaction of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCI) and the factors associated with life satisfaction.

Method: A structured interview including standardized measures.

Participants: Participants were individuals who sustained SCI at age 18 years or younger, were 24 years of age or olderat interview, did not have significant brain injury, and were living in the United States or Canada.

Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: part 2: musculoskeletal and neurological complications.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal and neurological complications of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCI), and their association with demographic, impairment, and functional limitation factors.

Method: Structured interview including standardized measures.

Participants: Individuals who sustained SCI at < or = age 18 years and were > or = age 24 years at interview.

Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: part 1: prevalence of medical complications.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of medical complications of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI) and their association with demographic, impairment, and functional limitation factors.

Method: Structured interview including standardized measures.

Participants: Individuals who sustained spinal cord injuries at age 18 years or younger and were 24 years of age or older at interview.

Employment outcomes of adults who sustained spinal cord injuries as children or adolescents.

Objectives: To determine employment outcomes of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI) and factors associated with those outcomes.

Design: Structured interview, including standardized measures.

Setting: Community.