Structure and trends of externalizing and internalizing psychiatric symptoms and gender differences among adolescents in the US from 1991 to 2018.

Purpose: We aimed to estimate the structure of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and potential time dynamics in their association. This is understudied among adolescents, despite increasing internalizing and decreasing externalizing symptoms in recent years.

Methods: We analyzed data from US Monitoring the Future cross-sectional surveys (1991-2018) representative of school-attending adolescents (N = 304,542).

Association between county jail incarceration and cause-specific county mortality in the USA, 1987-2017: a retrospective, longitudinal study.

Background: Mass incarceration has collateral consequences for community health, which are reflected in county-level health indicators, including county mortality rates. County jail incarceration rates are associated with all-cause mortality rates in the USA. We assessed the causes of death that drive the relationship between county-level jail incarceration and mortality.

Associations between digital technology and substance use among U.S. adolescents: Results from the 2018 Monitoring the Future survey.

Objective: Social media and other digital technology use facilitate connection among adolescents, but also may reinforce norms and substance-related content from peers and advertisers. We use nationally representative data to examine the association between digital technology and past 30-day use of alcohol, cannabis, and vaping.

Methods: Data were drawn from the 2018 Monitoring the Future survey of US adolescents (N = 44,482).

County Jail Incarceration Rates and County Mortality Rates in the United States, 1987-2016.

To evaluate the relationship between changes in county jail incarceration rates and subsequent county mortality rates across the United States. We analyzed county jail incarceration rates from the Bureau of Justice Statistics from 1987 to 2016 for 1884 counties and mortality rates from the National Vital Statistics System. We fit 1-year-lagged quasi-Poisson 2-way fixed-effects models, controlling for unmeasured stable county characteristics, and measured time-varying confounders, including county poverty and crime rates.

Gender and Weight among Thoroughbred Jockeys: Underrepresented Women and Underweight Men.

Discrimination can damage health by limiting an occupation to persons who are physically unsuited to it. In thoroughbred racing, male jockeys damage their health to reach racing weights, while women who could reach those weights more easily are excluded. The authors estimate the number of U.

Social Environments, Genetics, and Black-White Disparities in Infant Mortality.

Background: Genes and environments often interplay to produce population health. However, in some instances, the scientific literature has favoured one explanation, underplaying the other, even in the absence of rigorous support. We examine parental race disparity on the risk of infant mortality to see if such an analysis might provide clues to understanding the extent to which genes and environment may shape perinatal risks.