Antinociceptive effects of bupivacaine injected within the internal abdominis rectus sheath in standing healthy horses.

Objective: To evaluate a regional anesthetic technique for blocking the abdominal midline in horses.

Study Design: Anatomical description and prospective, crossover, placebo-controlled, blinded study.

Animals: Adult horses; two cadavers, six healthy animals.

Effect of 15° Reverse Trendelenburg Position on Arterial Oxygen Tension during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Horses.

Lower than expected arterial oxygen tension (PaO) continues to be an unresolved problem in equine anesthesia. The aim of this randomized, crossover, and prospective study using six adult horses is to determine if a 15° reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) increases PaO during inhalation anesthesia. Under constant-dose isoflurane anesthesia, dorsally recumbent horses were positioned either horizontally (HP) or in a 15° RTP for 2 h.

Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and Cyclooxygenases Enhance Joint Pain Control, Stimulate Collagen Synthesis, and Protect Chondrocytes From Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis.

To determine the symptomatic and disease-modifying capabilities of sEH and COX inhibitors during joint inflammation. Using a blinded, randomized, crossover experimental design, 6 adult healthy horses were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 3 μg) from in a radiocarpal joint and concurrently received the non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor phenylbutazone (2 mg/kg), the sEH inhibitor -TUCB (1 mg/kg) or both (2 mg/kg phenylbutazone and 0.1, 0.

Anesthetic risk during subsequent anesthetic events in brachycephalic dogs that have undergone corrective airway surgery: 45 cases (2007-2019).

Objective: To determine whether previous corrective upper airway surgery in brachycephalic dogs would decrease perianesthetic complications in subsequent anesthetic events.

Animals: 45 client-owned dogs.

Procedures: Brachycephalic dogs undergoing any combination of staphylectomy, nasal alaplasty, or laryngeal sacculectomy that were anesthetized at a later date for additional surgical procedures or imaging from August 2, 2007, to February 8, 2019, had their medical records reviewed during both anesthetic events for signalment, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, perianesthetic drug administration, anesthetic duration, presence and total time of positive-pressure ventilation, procedure invasiveness, and perianesthetic complications such as bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, vomiting or regurgitation, dysphoria, respiratory distress, hypoxemia, reintubation, and prolonged periods of recovery.

Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia.

This study determined the pharmacokinetics and compared the clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia. Six healthy horses aged 8.5 ± 3 years and weighing 462 ± 50 kg were anesthetized with isoflurane for 2 hr under standard conditions on two occasions one-week apart.

Why Methylene Blue Have to Be Always Present in the Stocking of Emergency Antidotes.

Evidence-based review of the existing literature ultimately recommends stocking of Methylene Blue (MB) as an emergency antidote in the United States. The same is reported around the world in Japan, Greece, Italy and Canada. The observation that MB is always present as the main antidote required in emergency and critical care units calls for a revisit on its effects on the NO/cGMP system to reemphasize its multisystem actions.

Transversus abdominis plane block in ponies: a preliminary anatomical study.

Objective: To describe a single-site transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block technique in horses.

Study Design: Prospective, descriptive, experimental anatomical study.

Animals: Four adult pony cadavers.

Guanylate cyclase inhibition by methylene blue in circulatory shock caused by acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a word of caution based on a porcine model.

Objective: To study the therapeutic application of guanylate cyclase inhibition by methylene blue in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis in pigs.

Methods: acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in anesthetized pigs by the retrograde infusion of 1 ml/kg of 5% sodium taurocholate and 8 U/kg enterokinase in the pancreatic duct. Three groups were studied (n = 5): control (C), pancreatitis (AP), and MB bolus followed by pancreatitis (MB+P).

Effects of anesthetic drugs on canine splenic volume determined via computed tomography.

Objective: To evaluate effects of commonly used anesthetics administered as single bolus injections on splenic volume.

Animals: 10 adult Beagles.

Procedures: A randomized crossover study was conducted.

Conservation of avian germplasm by xenogeneic transplantation of spermatogonia from sexually mature donors.

Approximately 12.5% of all 9,920 extant bird species in the world are threatened with extinction, and yet conservation efforts through natural breeding of captive species continue to encounter difficulties. However, sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination offer potential benefits over natural breeding, but their applicability is still limited in nondomestic species.

Oxidative stress is not associated with vascular dysfunction in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Objectives: To verify if an experimental model of alloxan-diabetic rats promotes oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability and causes vascular dysfunction, and to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on these parameters.

Methods: Alloxan-diabetic rats were treated or not with NAC for four weeks. Plasmatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx), the endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS) immunostaining and the vascular reactivity of aorta were compared among diabetic (D), treated diabetic (TD) and control (C) rats.

Vascular relaxation of canine visceral arteries after ischemia by means of supraceliac aortic cross-clamping followed by reperfusion.

Background: The supraceliac aortic cross-clamping can be an option to save patients with hipovolemic shock due to abdominal trauma. However, this maneuver is associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury strongly related to oxidative stress and reduction of nitric oxide bioavailability. Moreover, several studies demonstrated impairment in relaxation after I/R, but the time course of I/R necessary to induce vascular dysfunction is still controversial.

Exhaled breath condensate collection for nitrite dosage: a safe and low cost adaptation.

Purpose: Standardization of a simple and low cost technique of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection to measure nitrite.

Methods: Two devices were mounted in polystyrene boxes filled either with crushed ice/salt crystals or dry ice/crushed ice. Blood samples were stored at -70 degrees C for posterior nitrite dosages by chemiluminescence and the Griess reaction.

Diabetes and vascular disease: basic concepts of nitric oxide physiology, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and therapeutic possibilities.

The vascular manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) result from the dysfunction of several vascular physiology components mainly involving the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle and platelets. It is also known that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays a role in the development of this dysfunction. This review considers the basic physiology of the endothelium, especially related to the synthesis and function of nitric oxide.

Glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to study morphological alterations of saphenous vein under brief and crescent pressurizations.

Purpose: This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to detect morphological alterations of human saphenous vein submitted to brief and crescent pressurizations.

Methods: Saphenous veins of 20 CABG patients were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (control, 100, 200 and 300 mmHg pressures during 15 seconds). To quantify the percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface a microscope magnification of 100x was used for measurements.

Evaluation of the mitochondrial respiration of cardiac myocytes in rats submitted to mechanical bile duct obstruction.

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of the myocardium for energy production by the analysis of mitochondrial respiration in rats with jaundice submitted to bile duct ligature.

Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided into 2 Groups: Group SO submitted to nontherapeutic laparotomy (sham operation) and Group IC (icteric group) submitted to bile duct ligature. After 7 days, laparotomy was again performed in all animals for cardiac muscle extraction and analysis.

Methylene blue improves hemodynamic shock but increases lipoperoxidation in severe acute pancreatitis pig model.

Purpose: Study hemodynamic pattern and lipoperoxidation during methylene blue (MB) treatment on taurocholate - enterokinase induced acute pancreatitis (AP).

Methods: Thirty pigs were equally divided in control group; MB group; AP group; MB previous AP group; and MB after 90 min of induced AP group. MB was given iv in a bolus dose (2 mg.

Liver histological, portal flow and plasmatic nitric oxide alterations caused by biliary obstruction and drainage in rats.

Purpose: To evaluate liver alterations caused by biliary obstruction and drainage.

Methods: Thirty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in 4 groups: BO (n=18) bile duct ligation for 20 days, with a periodic evaluation of liver histological alterations, Doppler echography portal flow and measurements of NO and malondialdehyde (MDA); BO/DB (n=13) bile duct occlusion for 20 days followed by biliary drainage by choledochoduodenal anastomosis, 5 days follow-up, same BO group parameters evaluations; group CED (n=4) sham operation and portal flow evaluation trough 20 days; CHB (n=4) sham operation, with hepatic biopsy on 25th day and followed-up trough 25 days, by the same parameters of group BO, with exception of portal flow. Direct bilirubin (DB) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were evaluated in the group BO, BO/DB and CHB.

Endothelium dysfunction classification: why is it still an open discussion?

In the nineties, the present author developed a didactic endothelium dysfunction classification based on personal experience while waiting for a consensus about the need of such an accomplishment. As time went by and no publications regarding this subject were released, he published a text entitled "An open discussion about endothelial dysfunction: is it timely to propose a classification? Eight years later and the question about endothelium dysfunction classification remains "an open discussion". Nevertheless, we still keep using our proposed classification although always questioning its suitability and wondering reasons for why the scientific communities avoid discussing this very subject.

Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) is not a useful biomarker to predict inherent cardiopulmonary bypass inflammatory response.

Background And Aim: There were strong evidences that nitric oxide has capital importance in the progressive vasodilatation associated with varied circulatory shock forms, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). If CPB procedures, per se, are the inciting stimulus for inflammation, plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) excretion would be expected to be higher in these patients rather than in patients operated without CPB. In consequence, we hypothesized that increased levels of NOx would be predictive for vasoplegic syndrome.

Compound 48/80 induces endothelium-dependent and histamine release-independent relaxation in rabbit aorta.

Compound 48/80 (C48/80) is a synthetic condensation product of N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde and is an experimental drug used since the 1950s to induce anaphylactic shock through histamine release. This study was carried out to further elucidate the mechanism by which this drug induces nitric oxide (NO) release. Our specific goals were: (a) to verify if C48/80's relaxation occurs through the stimulation of histamine receptors; (b) to evaluate the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by C48/80; (c) to identify NO as the endothelium-relaxing factor released by C48/80; (d) to identify the NO synthase (NOS) responsible for NO release; and (e) to verify if the relaxation induced by C48/80 is calcium and cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent.