Bipedal locomotion in zoo apes: Revisiting the hylobatian model for bipedal origins.

Bipedal locomotion is a hallmark of being human. Yet the body form from which bipedalism evolved remains unclear. Specifically, the positional behaviour (i.

Who is there? Captive western gorillas distinguish human voices based on familiarity and nature of previous interactions.

The ability to recognize conspecifics by their acoustic signals is of crucial importance to social animals, especially where visibility is limited, because it allows for discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar individuals and facilitates associations with and the avoidance of particular conspecifics. Animals may also benefit from an ability to recognize and use the information coded into the auditory signals of other species. Companion species such as dogs, cats, and horses are able to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar human voices; however, whether this ability is widespread across vertebrates is still unknown.

Isotopic and elemental corroborates for wild bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus) omnivorous dietary adaptation at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil.

Rationale: This study analyzes variability in the diets of wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus, by analyzing stable carbon (δ C) and nitrogen (δ N) isotope ratios and elemental concentrations (%C and %N) of fecal samples and food items. Developing isotopic and elemental correlates for diets of habituated subjects is a necessary step towards applying similar methods to interpret diets of unhabituated or cryptic subjects.

Methods: Fecal samples from wild capuchins and their foods were collected at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil.

Compound grips in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp and Sapajus libidinosus).

An experimental study with captive individuals and study of video recordings of wild monkeys explored whether and how tufted capuchin monkeys use onehand to hold one or more objects with multiple grips (compound grips). A task designed to elicit compound grip was presented to five captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp). The monkeys held one to four balls in onehand and dropped the balls individually into a vertical tube.

Treatment patterns for ductal carcinoma in situ with close or positive mastectomy margins.

Background: Mastectomy remains an effective treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) but whether further therapy is warranted for close or positive margins is controversial. We aim to characterize the treatment practices of DCIS throughout the United States in patients who undergo mastectomy with close or positive margins to better understand the use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT).

Materials And Methods: Using the 2004-2013 National Cancer Database, we identified all female patients with a diagnosis of DCIS who underwent mastectomy.

Association Between Preoperative Proteinuria and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury and Readmission.

Importance: Proteinuria indicates renal dysfunction and is a risk factor for morbidity among medical patients, but less is understood among surgical populations. There is a paucity of studies investigating how preoperative proteinuria is associated with surgical outcomes, including postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and readmission.

Objective: To assess preoperative urine protein levels as a biomarker for adverse surgical outcomes.

Association Between Preoperative Hemoglobin A1c Levels, Postoperative Hyperglycemia, and Readmissions Following Gastrointestinal Surgery.

Importance: Preoperative hyperglycemia is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes among patients who undergo surgery. Whether preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or postoperative glucose levels are more useful in predicting adverse events following surgery is uncertain in the current literature.

Objective: To examine the use of preoperative HbA1c and early postoperative glucose levels for predicting postoperative complications and readmission.

Association of the Modified Frailty Index With 30-Day Surgical Readmission.

Importance: Frail patients are known to have poor perioperative outcomes. There is a paucity of literature investigating how the Modified Frailty Index (mFI), a validated measure of frailty, is associated with unplanned readmission among military veterans following surgery.

Objective: To understand the association between frailty and 30-day postoperative unplanned readmission.

Venous thromboembolic events: How low can you go?

Background: We evaluated postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemical prophylaxis adherence to assess the preventability of VTEs.

Methods: A case-control study was performed using the 2011-2015 ACS-NSQIP single institution database. Cases were identified as patients who experienced postoperative VTE within 30 days following surgery.

Readmission rates after lower extremity bypass vary significantly by surgical indication.

Objective: Readmission rates after vascular surgery are among the highest within surgical specialties, and lower extremity bypass has the highest readmission rate of vascular surgery procedures. We analyzed how 30-day readmissions and risk factors for readmissions vary by indication for lower extremity bypass.

Methods: We queried the 2012-2014 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program procedure-targeted vascular cohort to identify all patients who underwent lower extremity bypass.

Postoperative 30-day Readmission: Time to Focus on What Happens Outside the Hospital.

Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the relative contribution of preoperative patient factors, operative characteristics, and postoperative hospital course on 30-day postoperative readmissions.

Background: Determining the risk of readmission after surgery is difficult. Understanding the most important contributing factors is important to improving prediction of and reducing postoperative readmission risk.

Transitional care interventions and hospital readmissions in surgical populations: a systematic review.

Background: Despite hospital readmission being a targeted quality metric, few studies have focused on the surgical patient population. We performed a systematic review of transitional care interventions and their effect on hospital readmissions after surgery.

Data Sources: PubMed was searched for studies evaluating transitional care interventions in surgical populations within the years 1995 to 2015.

Evaluation of environmental scanning electron microscopy for analysis of Proteus mirabilis crystalline biofilms in situ on urinary catheters.

Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and frequently leads to blockage of catheters due to crystalline biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has proven to be a valuable tool in the study of these unusual biofilms, but entails laborious sample preparation that can introduce artefacts, undermining the investigation of biofilm development. In contrast, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) permits imaging of unprocessed, fully hydrated samples, which may provide much insight into the development of P.