Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice.

Stem cells are types of cells that have unique ability to self-renew and to differentiate into more than one cell lineage. They are considered building blocks of tissues and organs. Over recent decades, they have been studied and utilized for repair and regenerative medicine.

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Epidemiology, Risk factors, Pathophysiology, Differential diagnosis, and Treatment Options.

Purpose Of Review: This is a comprehensive review of the most recent literature on glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN), a relatively rare form of neuropathic facial pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis given that glossopharyngeal neuralgia can often be confused with other facial pain syndromes. Finally, we extensively review recent findings regarding medical or conservative measures, minimally invasive, and surgical options for potentially treating and managing glossopharyngeal neuralgia.