Promastigotes or Extracellular Vesicles Modulate B-1 Cell Activation and Differentiation.

B-1 cells are considered an innate-like B cell population that participates in effective innate and adaptive responses to pathogens. B-1 cells produce immunoglobulins, cytokines, chemokines, migrate to inflammatory sites, and differentiate into mononuclear phagocyte-like cells. Murine B-1 cells phagocytosed and and participate in immunity against .