A review of reusable insulin pens and features of TouStar-a new reusable pen with a dedicated cartridge.

Background: Since the introduction of the first reusable insulin pen, the advancement in the design of these pens is still ongoing to develop a safe, more efficacious, less painful, and easy to use insulin pen device.

Main Body: Possible errors in insulin delivery can occur at any stage of insulin delivery such as during the prescription stage, dispensing stage, or at administration stage. Mismatch of the insulin pen and cartridge is not uncommon and is a potential risk for individuals with diabetes due to serious consequences associated with incorrect insulin usage.

Usability and Workload of Access Technology for People With Severe Motor Impairment: A Comparison of Brain-Computer Interfacing and Eye Tracking.

Background: Eye trackers are widely used among people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their benefits to quality of life have been previously shown. On the contrary, Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are still quite a novel technology, which also serves as an access technology for people with severe motor impairment.

Objective: To compare a visual P300-based BCI and an eye tracker in terms of information transfer rate (ITR), usability, and cognitive workload in users with motor impairments.

An auditory multiclass brain-computer interface with natural stimuli: Usability evaluation with healthy participants and a motor impaired end user.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can serve as muscle independent communication aids. Persons, who are unable to control their eye muscles (e.g.

Brain communication in a completely locked-in patient using bedside near-infrared spectroscopy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can result in the locked-in state (LIS), characterized by paralysis, and eventual respiratory failure, compensated by artificial ventilation, or the completely LIS (CLIS), with additional total paralysis of eye muscles. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been used to allow paralyzed people to regain basic communication, although current EEG-based BCIs have not succeeded with CLIS patients. We present Class IV case evidence to establish that communication in the CLIS is possible with a metabolic BCI based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Prediction of P300 BCI aptitude in severe motor impairment.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a non-muscular communication channel for persons with severe motor impairments. Previous studies have shown that the aptitude with which a BCI can be controlled varies from person to person. A reliable predictor of performance could facilitate selection of a suitable BCI paradigm.

Semantic conditioning of salivary pH for communication.

Objectives: Semantic conditioning of salivary pH was investigated as a new paradigm for binary communication.

Methods And Materials: In a sample of eleven healthy participants, affirmation or negation of presented statements were paired with milk and lemon to condition changes in salivary pH level.

Results: Significant differences between the conditioned reactions were found at the group level.

Brain communication in the locked-in state.

Patients in the completely locked-in state have no means of communication and they represent the target population for brain-computer interface research in the last 15 years. Although different paradigms have been tested and different physiological signals used, to date no sufficiently documented completely locked-in state patient was able to control a brain-computer interface over an extended time period. We introduce Pavlovian semantic conditioning to enable basic communication in completely locked-in state.

Semantic classical conditioning and brain-computer interface control: encoding of affirmative and negative thinking.

The aim of the study was to investigate conditioned electroencephalography (EEG) responses to factually correct and incorrect statements in order to enable binary communication by means of a brain-computer interface (BCI). In two experiments with healthy participants true and false statements (serving as conditioned stimuli, CSs) were paired with two different tones which served as unconditioned stimuli (USs). The features of the USs were varied and tested for their effectiveness to elicit differentiable conditioned reactions (CRs).

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression and stability of brain-computer interface communication.

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between brain-computer interface (BCI) communication skill and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We sought also to assess stability of BCI communication performance over time and whether it is related to the progression of neurological impairment before entering the locked-in state. A three years follow-up, BCI evaluation in a group of ALS patients (n = 24) was conducted.

Brain-computer interface and semantic classical conditioning of communication in paralysis.

We propose a classical semantic conditioning procedure to allow basic yes-no communication in the completely locked-in state as an alternative to instrumental-operant learning of brain responses, which is the common approach in brain-computer interface research. More precisely, it was intended to establish cortical responses to the trueness of a statement irrespective of the particular constituent words and letters or sounds of the words. As unconditioned stimulus short aversive stimuli consisting of 1-ms electrical pulses were used.

A portable auditory P300 brain-computer interface with directional cues.

Objectives: The main objective of the current study was to implement and evaluate a P300 based brain-computer interface (BCI) speller that uses directional cues of auditory stimuli, which are presented over headphones. The interstimulus interval (ISI) was successively reduced to determine the optimal combination of speed and accuracy. The study further aimed at quantifying the differences in subjective workload between the auditory and the visual P300 spelling application.

Design and implementation of a P300-based brain-computer interface for controlling an internet browser.

An electroencephalographic (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) internet browser was designed and evaluated with 10 healthy volunteers and three individuals with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), all of whom were given tasks to execute on the internet using the browser. Participants with ALS achieved an average accuracy of 73% and a subsequent information transfer rate (ITR) of 8.6 bits/min and healthy participants with no prior BCI experience over 90% accuracy and an ITR of 14.