Natural history of proteinuria in renal transplant recipients developing de novo human leukocyte antigen antibodies.

Background: The relationship between humoral rejection and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies is established. Proteinuria is the hallmark of glomerular injury. The relationship between HLA antibody and proteinuria was explored in renal transplant recipients developing de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and nondonor-specific antibodies (NDSA).

Transplant glomerulopathy: morphology, associations and mechanism.

Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a lesion with specific morphology and strong evidence of an immune mechanism. The incidence of TG is approximately 20% by 5 years after transplantation. TG is characterized by proteinuria, hypertension and declining graft function.