Binaural Interference: Quo Vadis?

The reality of the phenomenon of binaural interference with speech recognition has been debated for two decades. Research has taken one of two avenues; group studies or case reports. In group studies, a sample of the elderly population is tested on speech recognition under three conditions; binaural, monaural right and monaural left.

Auditory adaptation testing as a tool for investigating tinnitus origin: two patients with vestibular schwannoma.

Objective: To enhance the understanding of tinnitus origin by disseminating two case studies of vestibular schwannoma (VS) involving behavioural auditory adaptation testing (AAT).

Design: Retrospective case study.

Study Sample: Two adults who presented with unilateral, non-pulsatile subjective tinnitus and bilateral normal-hearing sensitivity.

Parental restriction of children's access to cochlear implants: case studies.

This article reports on four retrospective case studies in which parental behavioral management of the implanted child included withholding the cochlear implant or activities associated with it as a disciplinary measure or as a means of preventing device loss or damage. The need for parental counseling by health care and educational professionals as to the importance of a child's connection to the hearing world all day long through the implant for optimal speech, language, academic, and psychosocial development is emphasized.

Self-stigma and empowerment in combined-CMHA and consumer-run services: two controlled trials.

Objective: Self-help agencies (SHAs) are consumer-operated service organizations managed as participatory democracies involving members in all management tasks. Hierarchically organized board- and staff-run consumer-operated service programs (BSR-COSPs) are consumer managed, but they afford members less decision-making power. This study considered the relative effectiveness of SHAs and BSR-COSPs working jointly with community mental health agencies (CMHAs) and the role of organizational empowerment in reducing self-stigma.

How to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure invasively and noninvasively.

We describe tympanic membrane displacement (TMD) testing for non-invasive estimation of intracranial pressure (ICP). With the TMD test, displacement of the tympanic membrane of the middle ear is recorded during elicitation of the acoustic middle-ear reflex (AR). Increased intracranial/perilymphatic pressure displaces the resting stapes footplate laterally so that TMD during the acoustic reflex is medial.

Are All Consumer-Operated Programs Empowering Self-Help Agencies?

The literature on consumer-operated-service programs (CQSPs) distinguishes two organizational types based on their leadership styles: the self-help agency (SHA)-participant democracy and the board-staff-run COSP. This study considers whether the characteristics of these two organizational leadership styles are recognized by members and whether these characteristics are associated with membership degree of empowerment. Two-hundred and fifty new entrants to five COSP drop-in centers rated the programs' leadership style using the COPES System Maintenance Scale and assessed their own empowerment on four empowerment measures.

Outcomes from consumer-operated and community mental health services: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Hierarchically organized board-and-staff-run consumer-operated service programs (COSPs) are viewed as organizations that promote recovery while working in concert with community mental health agencies (CMHAs). This study's objective was to determine the effectiveness of such combined services for people with serious mental illness.

Methods: A board-and-staff-run consumer-operated drop-in center and colocated CMHA provided the context for the randomized clinical trial.

Self-help and community mental health agency outcomes: a recovery-focused randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Self-help agencies (SHAs) are consumer-operated service organizations managed as participatory democracies. Members are involved in all aspects of organizational management, because a premise of SHAs is that organizationally empowered individuals become more empowered in their own lives, which promotes recovery. The study sought to determine the effectiveness of combined SHA and community mental health agency (CMHA) services in assisting recovery for persons with serious mental illness.

Repair issues associated with cochlear implants in children.

Objective: To examine the number and type of repair issues associated with the use of cochlear implants in children who have worn either the body-level or ear-level style for 4 to 5 years.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Specialty eye and ear institute.

Temporal integration of the contralateral acoustic reflex threshold for a 1000 hz tonal activator and its age-related changes.

Background: Previous research has noted an age effect on the temporal integration of the acoustic reflex for a noise activator.

Purpose: To determine whether the age effect earlier noted for a noise activator will be noted for a tonal activator.

Research Design: Comparison of ARTs of younger and older groups at activating stimulus durations of 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 msec.

Technical report: distortion product otoacoustic emissions that are not outer hair cell emissions.

Purpose: To present a case study in order to alert clinicians to the possibility of occurrence of intermodulation distortion during otoacoustic emissions testing that arises from the cavity formed by the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane rather than from the inner ear, compromising the reliability and validity of otoacoustic emissions testing.

Research Design: Prospective case study.

Study Sample: A young (26-year-old) female adult with a longstanding, bilateral, essentially moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss presented with robust distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Efficacy of the bone-anchored hearing aid for single-sided deafness.

Objectives/hypothesis: The aim was to examine short- and long-term efficacy of the bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) on adults with single-sided deafness.

Study Design: Prospective investigation.

Methods: The outcome measures included the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), and Single-Sided Deafness Questionnaire (SSD).

Auditory deprivation in adults with asymmetric, sensorineural hearing impairment.

The purpose of this investigation was to prospectively examine performance on the pure-tone air-conduction threshold, speech-recognition threshold, and suprathreshold word-recognition tests over time in 21 monaurally aided (experimental group) and 28 unaided adults (control group) with asymmetric, sensorineural hearing impairment. The results revealed significant declines on the mean suprathreshold word-recognition scores over time at one and two years post-baseline for the worse ears of the control participants; no declines occurred in the worse ears of the experimental participants or in the better ears of either group. A slight, significant increase in the pure-tone average occurred for the better ears of both groups.

Temporal integration of the contralateral acoustic-reflex threshold and its age-related changes.

Although numerous studies have investigated temporal integration of the acoustic-reflex threshold (ART), research is lacking on the effect of age on temporal integration of the ART. Therefore the effect of age on temporal integration of the ART was investigated for a broad-band noise (BBN) activator. Subjects consisted of two groups of adults with normal-hearing sensitivity: one group of 20 young adults (ten males and ten females, ages 18-29 years, with a mean age of 24 years) and one group of 20 older adults (ten males and ten females, ages 59-75 years, with a mean age of 67.

Objective computerized versus subjective analysis of facial synkinesis.

Objectives/hypothesis: To compare the sensitivity of an objective, computerized approach to measurement of facial synkinesis with that for a subjective approach and to examine the test-retest reliability of these approaches.

Study Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, and blinded.

Methods: Remote facial motion at the upper eyelids and oral commissures during a closed-lip smile and eyelid closure were measured using a commercially available computerized motion analysis system.

Mapping cooperative activity of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase using genotype 1a-1b chimeras.

The nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is essential for viral replication. NS5B expression in bacteria generated 20- to 50-fold lower yield and 100-fold less product per mol of enzyme for gentoype 1a RdRp than type 1b. Further, unlike type 1b RdRp, type 1a enzyme failed to exhibit cooperative properties in the assays described herein.

Enzymatic activities of the GB virus-B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

The GB virus-B (GBV-B) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with greater than 50% sequence similarity to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B. Recombinant GBV-B NS5B was reported to possess RdRp activity (W. Zhong et al.

First X-ray cocrystal structure of a bacterial FabH condensing enzyme and a small molecule inhibitor achieved using rational design and homology modeling.

The first cocrystal structure of a bacterial FabH condensing enzyme and a small molecule inhibitor is reported. The inhibitor was obtained by rational modification of a high throughput screening lead with the aid of a S. pneumoniae FabH homology model.

Mechanism of de novo initiation by the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: role of divalent metals.

We functionally analyzed the role of metal ions in RNA-dependent RNA synthesis by three recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) from GB virus-B (GBV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), with emphasis on the HCV RdRp. Using templates capable of both de novo initiation and primer extension and RdRps purified in the absence of metal, we found that only reactions with exogenously provided Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) gave rise to significant amounts of synthesis. Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) affected the mode of RNA synthesis by the three RdRps.

Facial motion analysis with a video and computer system after treatment of acoustic neuroma.

Objective: To objectively evaluate facial function with a computer and video system in a group of normal adults and a group of adults who have been treated for acoustic neuroma.

Study Design: A prospective descriptive study was performed in which the experimenter performing the objective facial motion analysis was blinded to the subjective rating of facial function.

Patients: The normal subjects comprised 18 women and 16 men.

Identification and biological characterization of heterocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B protein encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the primary catalytic enzyme of the HCV replicase complex. We established a biochemical RNA synthesis assay, using purified recombinant NS5B lacking the C-terminal 21 amino acid residues, to identify potential polymerase inhibitors from a high throughput screen of the GlaxoSmithKline proprietary compound collection. The benzo-1,2,4-thiadiazine compound 1 was found to be a potent, highly specific inhibitor of NS5B.

Cloning, expression, and initial characterization of a novel cytokine-like gene family.

We report the identification and characterization of a novel cytokine-like gene family using structure-based methods to search for novel four-helix-bundle cytokines in genomics databases. There are four genes in this family, FAM3A, FAM3B, FAM3C, and FAM3D, each encoding a protein (224-235 amino acids) with a hydrophobic leader sequence. Northern analysis indicates that FAM3B is highly expressed in pancreas, FAM3D in placenta, and FAM3A and FAM3C in almost all tissues.

Progressive epitope-blocked panning of a phage library for isolation of human RSV antibodies.

Epitope-blocked panning is an approach to mining antigen-specific diversity from phage display antibody libraries. Previously, we developed and used this method to recover a neutralizing antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by blocking a dominant response to a nonneutralizing epitope on a recombinant derivative of the viral F antigen. We have extended this approach to the blocking of multiple epitopes simultaneously, which led to the recovery of new antibodies of different specificity, including one new neutralizing activity.

Determinants of client outcomes in self-help agencies.

Objective: This study assessed the relationship between the outcomes of clients of client-run self-help agencies and attendance at the agency, satisfaction with the agency, psychological disability, and organizationally mediated empowerment, that is, the provision of opportunities for clients to meaningfully participate in decisions about their care and the care of others in the agency. The outcomes assessed were independent social functioning, assisted social functioning, and personal empowerment.

Methods: A total of 255 long-term users of four self-help agencies were interviewed at baseline and six months later.