Computational optical coherence tomography [Invited].

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an important imaging modality with numerous biomedical applications. Challenges in high-speed, high-resolution, volumetric OCT imaging include managing dispersion, the trade-off between transverse resolution and depth-of-field, and correcting optical aberrations that are present in both the system and sample. Physics-based computational imaging techniques have proven to provide solutions to these limitations.

Pathologists' diagnosis of invasive melanoma and melanocytic proliferations: observer accuracy and reproducibility study.

 To quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of pathologists' diagnoses of melanocytic skin lesions. Observer accuracy and reproducibility study. 10 US states.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an antitumor target of synthetic curcuminoids in colorectal cancer.

Background: Curcumin has proven to be a potent antitumor agent in both preclinical and clinical models of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has also been identified as a ligand of the transcription factor known as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Our laboratory has identified the AHR as a mechanism which contributes to both tumorigenesis in a mouse model of inflammatory CRC as well an apoptotic target in vitro.

Correlation Between Screening Mammography Interpretive Performance on a Test Set and Performance in Clinical Practice.

Rationale And Objectives: Evidence is inconsistent about whether radiologists' interpretive performance on a screening mammography test set reflects their performance in clinical practice. This study aimed to estimate the correlation between test set and clinical performance and determine if the correlation is influenced by cancer prevalence or lesion difficulty in the test set.

Materials And Methods: This institutional review board-approved study randomized 83 radiologists from six Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries to assess one of four test sets of 109 screening mammograms each; 48 radiologists completed a fifth test set of 110 mammograms 2 years later.

The diagnostic challenge of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.

Background: Diagnostic agreement among pathologists is 84% for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Studies of interpretive variation according to grade are limited.

Methods: A national sample of 115 pathologists interpreted 240 breast pathology test set cases in the Breast Pathology Study and their interpretations were compared to expert consensus interpretations.

Early Career Outcomes of Family Medicine Residency Graduates Exposed to Innovative Flexible Longitudinal Tracks.

Background And Objectives: The Preparing the Personal Physician for Practice (P4) project used a case series design to study innovations in the content, length, structure, and location of residency training in 14 geographically diverse family medicine programs between 2007 and 2012. We aimed to explore how offering flexible longitudinal tracks (FLT) affected graduates' scope of practice, particularly in maternal child health (MCH), which included at least 17 months of focused training that increased each year over 4 years.

Methods: We administered a cross-sectional survey to graduates of P4 residencies approximately 18 months after they completed training (2011-2014) and compared graduates of the John Peter Smith (JPS) Family Medicine Residency MCH FLT to all other P4 graduates.

Team Training in Family Medicine Residency Programs and Its Impact on Team-Based Practice Post-Graduation.

Objective: Our objective was to examine perceptions of adequacy in team-based care training during residency and whether this influences practice choice post- residency training.

Methods: We analyzed self-administered survey data from recent residency graduates collected as part of the Preparing Personal Physicians for Practice (P4) Project to characterize residents' perceptions of adequacy of training they received on team-based care. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between adequacy of team-based care training and joining practices that use team-based care after residency graduation, adjusting for differences in demographics.

Factors Associated With Interest in Pursuing a Fourth Year of Family Medicine Residency Training.

Background And Objectives: The optimal length of residency training in family medicine, as with emergency medicine, is an ongoing debate due to several factors, but perceptions of graduating residents are missing from this debate.

Methods: We used data from 3,054 family medicine residents who registered for the American Board of Family Medicine certification examination in 2014. A practice demographic questionnaire was a mandatory component of registration.

Refractory focal motor seizures controlled with intramuscular botulinum toxin.

Patients with recurrent focal motor seizures present a management dilemma, as anti-convulsants are often ineffective, and resective surgery poses a high risk of motor deficit. We describe three patients with recurrent focal motor seizures that remained refractory despite numerous anti-convulsant trials. All patients showed either hyperperfusion on Single-Photon Emission Computerised Tomography (SPECT) or hypermetabolism on Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in primary motor cortex during periods of sustained jerking, although EEG abnormalities were uncommon.

Characteristics associated with requests by pathologists for second opinions on breast biopsies.

Aims: Second opinions in pathology improve patient safety by reducing diagnostic errors, leading to more appropriate clinical treatment decisions. Little objective data are available regarding the factors triggering a request for second opinion despite second opinion consultations being part of the diagnostic system of pathology. Therefore we sought to assess breast biopsy cases and interpreting pathologists characteristics associated with second opinion requests.

Synthetic aperture imaging in astronomy and aerospace: introduction.

Aperture synthesis methods allow the reconstruction of images with the angular resolutions exceeding that of extremely large monolithic apertures by using arrays of smaller apertures together in combination. In this issue we present several papers with techniques relevant to amplitude interferometry, laser radar, and intensity interferometry applications.

A Randomized Study Comparing Digital Imaging to Traditional Glass Slide Microscopy for Breast Biopsy and Cancer Diagnosis.

Background: Digital whole slide imaging may be useful for obtaining second opinions and is used in many countries. However, the U.S.

Varied Rates of Implementation of Patient-Centered Medical Home Features and Residents' Perceptions of Their Importance Based on Practice Experience.

Background And Objectives: Little is known about how the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is being implemented in residency practices. We describe both the trends in implementation of PCMH features and the influence that working with PCMH features has on resident attitudes toward their importance in 14 family medicine residencies associated with the P4 Project.

Methods: We assessed 24 residency continuity clinics annually between 2007-2011 on presence or absence of PCMH features.

The hippocampus: detailed assessment of normative two-dimensional measurements, signal intensity, and subfield conspicuity on routine 3T T2-weighted sequences.

Purpose: The hippocampus has a critical role in many common disease processes. Currently, routine 3 Tesla structural MRI is a mainstay of clinical diagnosis. The goal of our study is to evaluate the normal variability in size and/or conspicuity of the hippocampal subcomponents in routine clinical 3 Tesla high-resolution T2-weighted images to provide a basis for better defining pathological derangements.

Detecting and characterizing high-frequency oscillations in epilepsy: a case study of big data analysis.

We develop a framework to uncover and analyse dynamical anomalies from massive, nonlinear and non-stationary time series data. The framework consists of three steps: preprocessing of massive datasets to eliminate erroneous data segments, application of the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform paradigm to obtain the fundamental components embedded in the time series at distinct time scales, and statistical/scaling analysis of the components. As a case study, we apply our framework to detecting and characterizing high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) from a big database of rat electroencephalogram recordings.

Implementation of interprofessional education (IPE) in 16 U.S. medical schools: Common practices, barriers and facilitators.

Background: Enhanced patient outcomes and accreditation criteria have led schools to integrate interprofessional education (IPE). While several studies describe IPE curricula at individual institutions, few examine practices across multiple institutions.

Purpose: To examine the IPE integration at different institutions and determine gaps where there is potential for improvement.

Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated preprosomatostatin expression suppresses induced seizures in kindled rats.

Somatostatin is expressed widely in the hippocampus and notably in hilar GABAergic neurons that are vulnerable to seizure neuropathology in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. We previously demonstrated that sustained bilateral preprosomatostatin (preproSST) expression in the hippocampus prevents the development of generalized seizures in the amygdala kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we tested whether sustained preproSST expression is anticonvulsant in rats already kindled to high-grade seizures.

Congratulations and changes to the JOSA A team: editorial.

Editor-in-Chief P. Scott Carney introduces new Topical Editors Antigone Marino and Alessandro Rizzi.

Comparison of Healthcare Costs Among Commercially Insured Women in the United States Who Underwent Hysteroscopic Sterilization Versus Laparoscopic Bilateral Tubal Ligation Sterilization.

Background: This study evaluated healthcare costs of index procedures and during a 6-month follow-up of women who had hysteroscopic sterilization (HS) versus laparoscopic bilateral tubal ligation (LBTL).

Materials And Methods: Women (18-49 years) with claims for HS and LBTL procedures were identified from the MarketScan commercial claims database (January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012) and placed into separate cohorts. Demographics, characteristics, index procedure costs, and 6-month total healthcare costs and sterilization procedure-related costs were compared.

Epilepsy and restless legs syndrome.

Objective: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological movement disorder occurring in approximately 10% of the general population. The prevalence of moderately severe RLS is 2.7% overall (3.

Coaching: a new model for academic and career achievement.

Background: Individualized education is emerging as an innovative model for physician training. This requires faculty coaching to guide learners' achievements in academic performance, competency development, and career progression. In addition, coaching can foster self-reflection and self-monitoring using a data-guided approach to support lifelong learning.

Diagnostic Reproducibility: What Happens When the Same Pathologist Interprets the Same Breast Biopsy Specimen at Two Points in Time?

Background: Surgeons may receive a different diagnosis when a breast biopsy is interpreted by a second pathologist. The extent to which diagnostic agreement by the same pathologist varies at two time points is unknown.

Methods: Pathologists from eight U.

The influence of tumor regression, solar elastosis, and patient age on pathologists' interpretation of melanocytic skin lesions.

It is not known whether patient age or tumor characteristics such as tumor regression or solar elastosis influence pathologists' interpretation of melanocytic skin lesions (MSLs). We undertook a study to determine the influence of these factors, and to explore pathologist's characteristics associated with the direction of diagnosis. To meet our objective, we designed a cross-sectional survey study of pathologists' clinical practices and perceptions.

Association Between Patient- Centered Medical Home Features and Satisfaction With Family Medicine Residency Training in the US.

Background And Objectives: Primary care residencies are undergoing dramatic changes because of changing health care systems and evolving demands for updated training models. We examined the relationships between residents' exposures to patient-centered medical home (PCMH) features in their assigned continuity clinics and their satisfaction with training.

Methods: Longitudinal surveys were collected annually from residents evaluating satisfaction with training using a 5-point Likert-type scale (1=very unsatisfied to 5=very satisfied) from 2007 through 2011, and the presence or absence of PCMH features were collected from 24 continuity clinics during the same time period.

Image science at JOSA A: editorial.

Editor-in-Chief P. Scott Carney discusses the scope of image science in JOSA A and introduces new topical editor Amit Ashok.