Free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is generally regarded as a standard parameter for the evaluation of thyroid function. However, relying on this hormone alone can be misleading. Therefore, thyroxine/free-thyroxine levels are used in patients with levothyroxine substitution for the adjustment of therapy.

Glycated hemoglobin at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and at follow-up in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.

Background: This study investigated the diagnostic delay and the subsequent quality of care during the Covid-19 pandemic among children with new-onset type 1 diabetes.

Methods: We compared the HbA levels of 3111 children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and of 2825 children at a median follow-up of 4.7 months (interquartile range, 4.

Hypercalcaemia after treatment with denosumab in children: bisphosphonates as an option for therapy and prevention?

Background: Pharmacologic options for treatment of osteolytic diseases especially in children are limited. Although not licensed for use, denosumab, a fully humanized antibody to RANKL, is used in children with good effects. Among others, one possible indication are giant cell tumors and aneurysmatic bone cysts.

Evaluation of Changes in Insulin Sensitivity in Prepubertal Small for Gestational Age Children Treated with Growth Hormone.

Background: Although growth hormone (GH) therapy for children born small for gestational age (SGA) has been approved for many years, there are still concerns about increasing their risk for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2. Monitoring of glucose homeostasis is therefore generally recommended, but there is no consensus on either the methods or consequences.

Methods And Aims: The aim of our study was to analyze the oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (oGTTs) which were performed yearly from baseline to 4 years of GH therapy in a collective of 93 SGA children, who were prepubertal during the whole follow-up.

C/EBP beta blocks p65 phosphorylation and thereby NF-kappa B-mediated transcription in TNF-tolerant cells.

TNF is a major mediator of inflammation, immunity, and apoptosis. Pre-exposure to TNF reduces sensitivity to restimulation, a phenomenon known as tolerance, considered as protective in sepsis, but also as a paradigm for immunoparalysis. Earlier experiments in TNF-tolerant cells display inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent IL-8 gene expression at the transcriptional level with potential involvement of C/EBPbeta.

Transcriptional inhibition of interleukin-8 expression in tumor necrosis factor-tolerant cells: evidence for involvement of C/EBP beta.

There is some evidence that the potent cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is able to induce tolerance after repeated stimulation of cells. To investigate the molecular mechanisms mediating this phenomenon, the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is regulated by transcription factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta, was monitored under TNF tolerance conditions. Pretreatment of monocytic cells for 72 h with low TNF doses inhibited TNF-induced (restimulation with a high dose) IL-8 promoter-dependent transcription as well as IL-8 production.