Pharmacogenomic biomarker information on drug labels of the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Sanitary products: evaluation and comparison with other regulatory agencies.

This work aimed to analyse the pharmacogenetic information in the Spanish Drug Regulatory Agency (AEMPS) Summary of Products Characteristics (SmPC), evaluating the presence of pharmacogenetic biomarkers, as well as the associated recommendations. A total of 55.4% of the 1891 drug labels reviewed included information on pharmacogenetic biomarker(s).

Pharmacogenetic Sex-Specific Effects of Methotrexate Response in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its effectiveness can vary greatly among patients. Pharmacogenetics, the study of how genetic variations can affect drug response, has the potential to improve the personalized treatment of RA by identifying genetic markers that can predict a patient's response to MTX. However, the field of MTX pharmacogenetics is still in its early stages and there is a lack of consistency among studies.

Transient enhanced cell division by blocking DNA synthesis in .

Duplication of the bacterial nucleoid is necessary for cell division hence specific arrest of DNA replication inhibits divisions culminating in filamentation, nucleoid dispersion and appearance of a-nucleated cells. It is demonstrated here that during the first 10 min however, enhanced residual divisions: the proportion of constricted cells doubled (to 40%), nucleoids contracted and cells remodelled dimensions: length decreased and width increased. The preliminary data provides further support to the existence of temporal and spatial couplings between the nucleoid/replisome and the sacculus/divisome, and is consistent with the idea that bacillary bacteria modulate width during the division process exclusively.

Imaging of Transcription and Replication in the Bacterial Chromosome with Multicolor Three-Dimensional Superresolution Structured Illumination Microscopy.

Superresolution imaging technology has contributed to our understanding of the subnucleoid organization in E. coli cells. Multicolor superresolution images revealing "bacterial nucleolus-like structure or organization," "nucleolus-like compartmentalization of the transcription factories," and "spatial segregation of the transcription and replication machineries" have enhanced our understanding of the dynamic landscape of the bacterial chromatin.

Rifampicin suppresses thymineless death by blocking the transcription-dependent step of chromosome initiation.

Thymineless death (TLD), a phenomenon in which thymine auxotrophy becomes lethal when cells are starved of thymine, can be prevented by the presence of rifampicin, an RNA polymerase inhibitor. Several lines of evidence link TLD to chromosome initiation events. This suggests that rifampicin-mediated TLD suppression could be due to the inhibition of RNA synthesis required for DNA chromosomal initiation at oriC, although other mechanisms cannot be discarded.

DNA replication initiation as a key element in thymineless death.

Thymine deprivation results in the loss of viability in cells from bacteria to eukaryotes. Numerous studies have identified a variety of molecular processes and cellular responses associated with thymineless death (TLD). It has been observed that TLD occurs in actively growing cells, and DNA damage and DNA recombination structures have been associated with cells undergoing TLD.