Early vs late enteral nutrition in pediatric intensive care unit: Barriers, benefits, and complications.

Background: This study aimed to define the existing barriers for early enteral nutrition (EEN) in critically ill children and to analyze the differences in nutrient supply, complications, and outcomes between EEN and late EN (LEN).

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter observational, prospective study including critically ill children receiving EN. Variables analyzed included demographic and anthropometric features, caloric and nutrient supply, outcomes, and complications according to the EN onset.

Nutritional status and nutrition support in critically ill children in Spain: Results of a multicentric study.

Objectives: Critically ill children are often malnourished and require nutrition support (NS). Early enteral nutrition (EEN) seems to be safe in critically ill patients. However, there is a scarcity of data about the management of EEN in sick pediatric patients.

Transient enhanced cell division by blocking DNA synthesis in .

Duplication of the bacterial nucleoid is necessary for cell division hence specific arrest of DNA replication inhibits divisions culminating in filamentation, nucleoid dispersion and appearance of a-nucleated cells. It is demonstrated here that during the first 10 min however, enhanced residual divisions: the proportion of constricted cells doubled (to 40%), nucleoids contracted and cells remodelled dimensions: length decreased and width increased. The preliminary data provides further support to the existence of temporal and spatial couplings between the nucleoid/replisome and the sacculus/divisome, and is consistent with the idea that bacillary bacteria modulate width during the division process exclusively.

Imaging of Transcription and Replication in the Bacterial Chromosome with Multicolor Three-Dimensional Superresolution Structured Illumination Microscopy.

Superresolution imaging technology has contributed to our understanding of the subnucleoid organization in E. coli cells. Multicolor superresolution images revealing "bacterial nucleolus-like structure or organization," "nucleolus-like compartmentalization of the transcription factories," and "spatial segregation of the transcription and replication machineries" have enhanced our understanding of the dynamic landscape of the bacterial chromatin.

The dynamic nature and territory of transcriptional machinery in the bacterial chromosome.

Our knowledge of the regulation of genes involved in bacterial growth and stress responses is extensive; however, we have only recently begun to understand how environmental cues influence the dynamic, three-dimensional distribution of RNA polymerase (RNAP) in Escherichia coli on the level of single cell, using wide-field fluorescence microscopy and state-of-the-art imaging techniques. Live-cell imaging using either an agarose-embedding procedure or a microfluidic system further underscores the dynamic nature of the distribution of RNAP in response to changes in the environment and highlights the challenges in the study. A general agreement between live-cell and fixed-cell images has validated the formaldehyde-fixing procedure, which is a technical breakthrough in the study of the cell biology of RNAP.

Thymineless death, at the origin.

Thymineless death (TLD) in bacteria has been a focus of research for decades. Nevertheless, the advances in the last 5 years, with Escherichia coli as the model organism, have been outstanding. Independent research groups have presented compelling results that establish that the initiation of chromosome replication under thymine starvation is a key element in the scenario of TLD.

Rifampicin suppresses thymineless death by blocking the transcription-dependent step of chromosome initiation.

Thymineless death (TLD), a phenomenon in which thymine auxotrophy becomes lethal when cells are starved of thymine, can be prevented by the presence of rifampicin, an RNA polymerase inhibitor. Several lines of evidence link TLD to chromosome initiation events. This suggests that rifampicin-mediated TLD suppression could be due to the inhibition of RNA synthesis required for DNA chromosomal initiation at oriC, although other mechanisms cannot be discarded.

DNA replication initiation as a key element in thymineless death.

Thymine deprivation results in the loss of viability in cells from bacteria to eukaryotes. Numerous studies have identified a variety of molecular processes and cellular responses associated with thymineless death (TLD). It has been observed that TLD occurs in actively growing cells, and DNA damage and DNA recombination structures have been associated with cells undergoing TLD.

ICAM-1 expression on the surface of T lymphocytes in patients with uveitis: a comparative study between the eye and peripheral blood.

Purpose: We studied the surface expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on peripheral and intra-ocular T lymphocytes in patients with active uveitis.

Methods: Two-colour flow-cytometric analysis was performed on cells isolated from aqueous humour and peripheral blood of 23 patients with active uveitis and 16 control patients who were to undergo cataract extraction, in order to determine the percentage of cells expressing CD4, CD8 and ICAM-1 (CD54) molecules.

Results: In the aqueous humour of patients with uveitis, we found an increase in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, co-expressing the ICAM-1 molecule as compared to control patients (p < 0.