COVID-19 pandemic, Russia-Ukraine conflict and shale gas development: Evidence from fractional integration.

Although there are papers on the persistence of energy series including the persistence of shale gas, the impact of recent developments such as the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict have been rarely explored in the existing literature This paper examines the structure of shale gas production in the U.S. by looking at the degree of persistence across different areas, with the aim to determine if shocks in the series are permanent or transitory.

Inequality Persistence of 21 OECD Countries from 1870 to 2020: Linear and Non-Linear Fractional Integration Approaches.

This paper investigates inequality persistence in a group of 21 OECD countries using linear and non-linear fractionally integrated methods. Using linear models, the results show that the series are strongly persistent which implies lack of average reversal and permanency of shocks. Mean reversion is only found in the case of Finland and partial evidence of mean reversion is detected for Belgium, Greece, Austria and the Netherlands.

Persistence and sustainability of fishing grounds footprint: Evidence from 89 countries.

This paper focusses on the examination of the fishing ground footprint in a group of 89 countries using fractional integration. The fishing ground footprint is one of the components of the ecological footprint. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated very much from an empirical viewpoint.