Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Midazolam in Pediatric Surgery.

Midazolam (MDZ) is used for sedation in surgical procedures; its clinical effect is related to its receptor affinity and the dose administered. Therefore, a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) population model of MDZ in pediatric patients undergoing minor surgery is proposed. A descriptive, observational, prospective, and longitudinal, study that included patients of both sexes, aged 2-17 years, ASA I/II, who received MDZ in IV doses (0.

Influence of Age and Sex on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam and the Depth of Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Minor Surgeries.

Whether age and sex influence the depth of sedation and the pharmacokinetics of midazolam is currently unknown. The influence of age and sex was investigated in 117 children (2 to 17 years) who required intravenous sedation for minor surgery (0.05 mg/kg).

Sex and Age Influence on Association of Polymorphism with Midazolam Levels in Critically Ill Children.

Midazolam is a drug that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The present study aimed to determine the sex and age influence on association of CYP450 polymorphism with midazolam levels in critically ill children. Seventy-two DNA samples were genotyped by real-time PCR.

Sedation level with midazolam: A pediatric surgery approach.

Midazolam (MDZ) is a short-acting benzodiazepine that is widely used to induce and maintain general anesthesia during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in pediatric patients due to its sedative properties. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review without a meta-analysis to identify scientific articles and clinical assays concerning MDZ-induced sedation for a pediatric surgery approach. One hundred and twenty-eight results were obtained.

Comparative Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics Between the Solid Form of Metformin vs a Novel Liquid Extemporaneous Formulation in Children.

Metformin pharmacokinetics in a liquid extemporaneous formulation from commercial tablets was determined in paediatric patients. A randomized, transversal clinical trial was conducted in 34 children and adolescents between 7 and 17 years of age. 17 children were randomized to take metformin in the liquid formulation and, after a 1-week wash period, a 500 mg metformin tablet was administered to them.

The rs776746 variant of CYP3A5 is associated with intravenous midazolam plasma levels and higher clearance in critically ill Mexican paediatric patients.

What Is Known And Objective: Midazolam is a drug that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding these enzymes, such as CYP3A4*1B which is associated with low enzyme expression and activity and CYP3A5*3, has been associated with decrease in enzymatic activity and reduced drug clearance, with potential effects on drug levels and/or toxicity. The present study was conducted to determine the frequencies of the allelic variants of the CYP3A4 (rs2740574) and CYP3A5 (rs776746) genes and their effects on the plasma levels and clearance of intravenous midazolam in critically ill Mexican paediatric patients.

Buprenorphine and pain treatment in pediatric patients: an update.

Introduction: The usual management of moderate to severe pain is based on the use of opioids. Buprenorphine (BPN) is an opioid with an analgesic potency 50 times greater than that of morphine. It is widely used in various pain models and has demonstrated efficacy and safety in adult patients; however, there are insufficient clinical trials in pediatric populations.

Pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Background: Recently, sildenafil was introduced to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, there are currently few studies on the pharmacokinetics of sildenalfil in children. Therefore, we aimed to carry out a pharmacokinetic study of sildenafil in children with PAH using a single dose.

Methods: Twelve children diagnosed with PAH, consisting of with ten males and two females, were recruited for the study after obtaining written consent from their parents or guardians.

Unintentional poisoning with drugs in a Mexican pediatric population.

In Mexico, more than 70 % of acute pediatric poisoning is caused by medicines. The age groups at greatest risk of drug poisoning are those between 2 to 5 years and 14 to 18 years; although in this last group, drug ingestion is usually intentional. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of unintentional drug poisoning in the pediatric population attended in a tertiary care hospital in Mexico, and to review the rescue procedures applied in specific cases.

A reliable method of liquid chromatography for the quantification of acetaminophen and identification of its toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine for application in pediatric studies.

The aim of the present study was to develop a simple, selective and reliable method to quantify acetaminophen and its toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) for pediatric studies using 100 µL plasma samples, by reverse-phase HPLC and UV detection. The assay was performed using a C₁₈ column and an isocratic elution with water-methanol-formic acid (70:30:0.15; v/v/v) as mobile phase.

Clinical evidence of the antiarrhythmic effect of a magistral suspension of propafenone: a case report.

Propafenone is an antiarrhythmic that has been used for the treatment of tachiarrytmias in both adults and children. The aim of this study was to analyze the pharmacologic effect of a magistral suspension of propafenone, due to lack of an adequate commercial formulation for use in children. In this study we present, a case of a 2-year-old boy that was diagnosed with Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome and treated with a magistral suspension of propafenone.

Comparative bioavailability of propafenone after administration of a magistral suspension vs. commercial tablets in healthy volunteers.

Propafenone (CAS 34183-22-7) is an effective antiarrhythmic drug used in children, although in some countries no specific pediatric formulation is available. The aim of this study is to compare the relative bioavailability of a magistral (MAG) preparation of propafenone versus its commercial (COM) presentation in a group of 16 Mexican healthy volunteers. Bioavailability was determined after crossover administration of the drugs, through a randomized two-phase trial.

Malformations in newborns associated to anticonvulsant consumption during pregnancy. experience in third level hospital of Mexico.

Aim: The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between the anticonvulsant drug use during pregnancy and the presence of malformations in the newborns.

Methods: The frequency of malformations in the neonates of epileptic mothers under anticonvulsant treatment was analyzed in two periods, one from 1988 to 1992, which included 76 epileptic mothers, and another from 1996 to 2003 with 170 patients.

Results: In the first period, 51 (67.

Extemporaneous suspension of propafenone: attending lack of pediatric formulations in Mexico.

Background: Physicians have frequently encountered difficulties when prescribing drugs not available in doses suitable for pediatric age groups. Furthermore, children have difficulty swallowing tablets. This study aimed to determine the stability of an oral propafenone suspension made from commercial tablets with a syrup vehicle and to establish its reliable use with children.

CYP2D6 genotype and phenotype in Amerindians of Tepehuano origin and Mestizos of Durango, Mexico.

Although the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 has been studied extensively in subjects of differing ethnicities, limited CYP2D6 pharmacogenetic data are available for the Amerindian population and Mestizos of Mexico. Dextromethorphan hydroxylation phenotype was studied in Tepehuano Amerindian (n = 58) and Mestizo (n = 88) subjects, and 195 individuals (85 Tepehuano Amerindians and 110 Mestizos) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods to identify the frequencies of the CYP2D6*3, *4, *6, and *10 alleles. Tepehuano Amerindian subjects lacked the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype, whereas in Mestizos the PM phenotype frequency was 6.

Bioavailability of an extemporaneous suspension of propafenone made from tablets.

Propafenone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent used in children, while in Mexico no specific formulation for children is available, which causes errors in adequate dosage. The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of a suspension prepared extemporaneously using commercial tablets of propafenone. The bioavailability was determined in two groups of rabbits (n = 8): the first group received a single intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg of propafenone; the second was orally administered an extemporaneous suspension of propafenone prepared from commercial tablets.

Phenotypical expression of CYP2D6 in amerindians of tepehuano origin from Durango, Mexico.

Cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) shows genetic polymorphism, which is clinically important in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. Dextrometorphan (DM) has been used as a test compound to evaluate the in vivo activity of CYP2D6. Phenotypical frequencies of CYP2D6 have been determined in some populations, but little is known about them in native populations.

Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in healthy Mexican volunteers.

Unlabelled: Numerous reports in the literature have demonstrated changes in drug pharmacokinetics that result with age. Ranitidine is a drug commonly used in Mexico. However no reports on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in the Mexican population are available in the literature.

Reliable method for the determination of ranitidine by liquid chromatography using a microvolume of plasma.

The aim of the present study was to develop a simple method to measure ranitidine, using 100 microL of plasma, by high-performance liquid chromatography with a Symmetry C(18) column and UV detection at 313 nm. Linearity was assessed in the range from 50 to 1500 ng ml(-1) and had a correlation coefficient of 0.999.

Effects of gender and phase of the menstrual cycle on the kinetics of ranitidine in healthy volunteers.

The present study was undertaken to determine if differences exist in the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral ranitidine caused by gender and stage of the menstrual cycle. The study was performed in two steps, in the first a pharmacokinetic study was performed on 10 men (average age 35.5 yrs) and 10 women (average age 34.