[Cryobiology and pathologic lesions induced by freezing-thawing processes in prostatic tissue. Second part].

Cryosurgery is an emerging technology consisting on controlled freezing of tissues. Good results, maintained in the long-term, have been referred in the treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. A role as possible substitute of partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal adenocarcinomas smaller than 4-5 cm is under research.

[Upper urinary tract tumors pathology (ureter, pelvis and renal calyces)].

Objectives: To show the pathologic characteristics of upper urinary tract tumors with special emphasis on the peculiarities due to anatomical site and secondary to endoscopic treatment.

Methods: Bibliographic review and presentation of our ten-year experience at the "Hospital Ramon y Cajal" Pathology Department in Madrid studying 203 urothelial tumors of the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces.

Results: More than 95% of the upper urinary tract tumors in adults have their origin in the urothelium, and most of them are either malignant or potentially malignant.

[Can indexes based on PSA determine which patients should undergo repeated ultrasound-guided transrectal prostatic biopsy? Study on 546 patients who underwent repeated biopsy].

Objectives: Ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is the most effective test for prostate cancer diagnosis, but its sensitivity is not higher than 80% so that biopsy repetition must be considered in patients with persistent diagnostic doubts after a previous negative one. However, the majority will be negative as it happened in the first biopsy and the percentage of normal biopsies increases successively. Various indexes based on PSA are proposed to determine which patients have a higher risk of cancer detection by biopsy.

[Low-grade sarcoma of the endometrial stroma: late recurrence with ureteral and bladder involvement].

Objective: To report a new case of low grade endometrial stroma sarcoma late relapse involving bladder wall and ureter.

Methods: We report the case of a 64 year old female with history of Wertheim-Meigs hysterectomy 30 years before for uterine sarcomatous tumour, who presented with intermittent macroscopic haematuria episodes associated with mild elevation of serum creatinine. Image diagnostic tests--mainly CT-scan--evidenced a right pelvic mass involving the bladder wall and the homolateral distal ureter.

[Bladder endometriosis in a patient with cesarean history].

Objective: To describe a case of endometriosis of the urinary bladder in a patient with a previous history of cesarean section. Its possible relationship is discussed.

Methods: A 31-year-old female that had undergone cesarean section 8 years earlier is described.

[Spermatic cord liposarcoma: report of a new case].

Objective: To report an additional case of liposarcoma of the spermatic cord.

Methods: A 69-year-old male presented with an indolent left inguinal mass that he had noted one month earlier and had gradually increased in size. Two irregular mobile nodular left inguinal lesions were detected on physical examination.