Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables, Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate Combination Inhibits Proinflammatory COX-2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Tendon-Derived Cells.

Tendinopathy, a common disorder in man and horses, is characterized by pain, dysfunction, and tendon degeneration. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Tendon cells produce proinflammatory molecules that induce pain and tissue deterioration.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Carprofen Is Enhanced by Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables, Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate Combination in Chondrocyte Microcarrier Spinner Culture.

Objective: Osteoarthritis is a painful, chronic joint disease affecting man and animals with no known curative therapies. Palliative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used but they cause adverse side effects prompting the search for safer alternatives. To address this need, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) with or without the NSAID carprofen.

α-Lipoic Acid Potentiates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables in Chondrocyte Cultures.

Objective Pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E-2 (PGE) play major roles in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Although current pharmacologic treatments reduce inflammation, their prolonged use is associated with deleterious side effects prompting the search for safer and effective alternative strategies. The present study evaluated whether chondrocyte production of PGE can be suppressed by the combination of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) and α-lipoic acid (LA).

Expression of pro-inflammatory mediators is inhibited by an avocado/soybean unsaponifiables and epigallocatechin gallate combination.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by inflammation, joint immobility, and pain. Non-pharmacologic agents modulating pro-inflammatory mediator expression offer considerable promise as safe and effective treatments for OA. We previously determined the anti-inflammatory effect of an avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) combination on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation.

Modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in canine chondrocytes.

Objective: To determine whether oxidative stress could be induced in canine chondrocytes in vitro.

Sample: Chondrocytes obtained from healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures: Harvested chondrocytes were maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 24 hours.

Centrifugation assay for measuring adhesion of serially passaged bovine chondrocytes to polystyrene surfaces.

A major obstacle in chondrocyte-based therapy for cartilage repair is the limited availability of cells that maintain their original phenotype. Propagation of chondrocytes as monolayer cultures on polystyrene surfaces is used extensively for amplifying cell numbers. However, chondrocytes undergo a phenotypic shift when propagated in this manner and display characteristics of more adherent fibroblastic cells.

Micropatterned agarose scaffolds covalently modified with collagen for culture of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes.

Anchorage-dependent cells including hepatocytes, the main functional cellular constituent comprising liver tissue, require a substrate for cell adhesion when cultured outside their native tissue. The challenge with hepatocyte culture is that material substrates and designs supporting hepatocyte attachment, phenotype, and function are not readily available. Our laboratory previously published that type I collagen found in the liver extracellular matrix supports hepatocyte culture.

Modulation of cytokine-induced prostaglandin E₂ production in cultures of articular chondrocytes obtained from carpal joints of camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Objective: To determine whether camel articular chondrocytes can be maintained in tissue culture without phenotype loss and whether the response to cytokine stimulation can be modulated.

Sample Population: Cartilage from 4 carpal joints of healthy adult dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Procedures: Chondrocytes were evaluated for type II collagen and aggrecan production They were incubated with control media or with 2 test mixtures (alone and then in combination) that have anti-inflammatory activity (avocado-soybean unsaponifiables, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate [ie, ASU + GLU + CS] and pentosan polysulfate and N-acetyl glucosamine [ie, PPS + NG]).

Consil bioactive glass particles enhance osteoblast proliferation and selectively modulate cell signaling pathways in vitro.

Consil Bioglass is a commercially available bioactive glass formulation previously shown in clinical studies to support osteogenesis and the repair of bony defects in dogs and cats. Previous in vitro studies confirm that Consil particles are able to bond directly with bone while promoting osteoblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production. However, the cellular mechanisms mediating their clinical effect remain unclear.

Consil bioactive glass particles enhance osteoblast proliferation and maintain extracellular matrix production in vitro.

Bioactive glasses are used clinically as bone implant materials as they are able to bond directly with bone. Studies in dogs have demonstrated the utility of Consil Bioglass synthetic bone graft particulate, a commercially available bioactive glass formulation, as a bone substitute for repair of bony defects. We evaluated the effect of Consil particles (500 microg/mL) on osteoblast proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production at the cellular level in vitro.

The response of osteoblast-like cells to dexamethasone and cyclic loading.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cyclic loading can alter the response of osteoblasts to dexamethasone. Proliferation of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) was assessed by determining uptake of 3H-thymidine. Three doses of dexamethasone were tested: 0.

Macrophages and fibroblasts respond differently to PMMA particles and mechanical strain.

A primary factor limiting the long-term outcome of total joint arthroplasty is the aseptic loosening of prosthetic components. The bone-host interface of an unstable implant is associated with large quantities of wear debris as well as an altered mechanical environment. In vitro cellular studies on the effects of particulate biomaterials have been conducted under static conditions.

Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of Spirulina, enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells.

Introduction: Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is a dietary supplement valued for its immune-enhancing properties. We previously reported that the immunostimulatory effect of spirulina can be traced to a high-molecular- weight polysaccharide fraction. This fraction, labeled Immolina, activates nuclear factor kappa-B in human monocytic THP-1 cells and increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Nickel and vanadium metal ions induce apoptosis of T-lymphocyte Jurkat cells.

Metal alloys are used as prosthetic components in the orthopaedic and dental field. However, there is growing concern over the reported leaching of metal ions from implants. Ions released from metals have been thought to be associated with local immune dysfunction, inflammation, and tissue cell death.

Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone.

A major problem in tissue engineering is the availability of a sufficient number of cells with the appropriate phenotype for delivery to damaged or diseased cartilage and bone; the challenge is to amplify cell numbers and maintain the appropriate phenotype for tissue repair and restoration of function. The microcarrier bioreactor culture system offers an attractive method for cell amplification and enhancement of phenotype expression. Besides serving as substrates for the propagation of anchorage-dependent cells, microcarriers can also be used to deliver the expanded undifferentiated or differentiated cells to the site of the defect.

Ginger--an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions.

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been repeatedly confirmed.

Ginger extract components suppress induction of chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.

Introduction: Ginger has a long history of medicinal use, particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent for a wide variety of diseases such as arthritis. Suppression of inflammation in arthritis is attributed to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and leukocytes.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a combination ginger extract and its individual components on chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.

Ginger extract inhibits beta-amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured THP-1 monocytes.

Introduction: Neuritic plaques, a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta). In the central nervous system neuritic plaques are surrounded by activated microglial cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxic mediators. Long-term activation of microglial cells is suspected to contribute to the neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease.

Cartilage debris increases the expression of chondrodestructive tumor necrosis factor-alpha by articular chondrocytes.

Purpose: To determine if cartilage particles increased the expression of TNF-alpha by articular chondrocytes.

Type Of Study: In vitro experiment.

Methods: Articular chondrocytes were obtained from patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis (n = 3) and from patients undergoing below-knee amputation for peripheral vascular disease (n = 3).

Cyclic strain stimulates proliferative capacity, alpha2 and alpha5 integrin, gene marker expression by human articular chondrocytes propagated on flexible silicone membranes.

Chondrocytes comprise less than 10% of cartilage tissue but are responsible for sensing and responding to mechanical stimuli imposed on the joint. However, the effect of mechanical signals at the cellular level is not yet fully defined. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mechanical stimulation in the form of cyclic strain modulates proliferative capacity and integrin expression of chondrocytes from osteoarthritic knee joints.

An in vitro screening assay for inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts using human synoviocyte cultures.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and prostaglandin (PG)E-2 play a critical role in the pathophysiology of arthritis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates induction of other cytokines, COX-2, PGs, and metalloproteinases, which leads to cartilage degradation. We developed an in vitro human synoviocyte assay system for screening inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts.

Induction of osteoblast aggregation, detachment, and altered integrin expression by bear serum.

Animal models have long been used to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for osteoporosis in humans. The American black bear, an animal that does not experience extensive bone loss normally associated with long-term immobilization (when hibernating), may provide an insight into the nature of the pathogenesis of the disease. Circulating growth and differentiation factors present in the serum may facilitate continued proliferation of bone-forming cells.

Propagation of human nasal chondrocytes in microcarrier spinner culture.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of nasal septal chondrocytes, propagated in microcarrier spinner culture, as an alternative tissue source of chondrocytic cells for cartilage grafts for head and neck surgery and for articular cartilage repair.

Methods: We harvested chondrocytes from 159 patients, ranging in age from 15 to 80 years and undergoing repair of a deviated nasal septum, and propagated the cells in a microcarrier spinner culture system. The nasal chondrocytes proliferated and produced extracellular matrix components similar to that produced by articular chondrocytes.

Evaluation of thermoreversible polymers containing fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) for chondrocyte culture.

We previously evaluated a thermoreversible polymer gel composed of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid as a cell culture substrate and cell-delivery vehicle. The copolymer promoted phenotype expression and amplification of chondrocytes. In this study, we determined whether addition of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9), which is mitogenic for chondrocytes, would further enhance cell proliferation and phenotype expression in the polymer.

Thermally reversible polymer gel for chondrocyte culture.

We have evaluated a biomaterial to serve as a scaffold for the propagation and amplification of chondrocytes that promotes the original cellular phenotype of these cells. The goal of the present study was to investigate the use of thermally reversible polymer gels poly(NiPAAm-co-AAc), as a biocompatible supporting scaffold for the propagation of chondrocytic cells. The polymer gels at temperatures above its lower critical solution temperature whereas liquefying at temperatures below its lower critical solution temperature of 34.