Alteration of EIF2 Signaling, Glycolysis, and Dopamine Secretion in Form-Deprived Myopia in Response to 1% Atropine Treatment: Evidence From Interactive iTRAQ-MS and SWATH-MS Proteomics Using a Guinea Pig Model.

Atropine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, effectively slows down myopia progression in human adolescents and several animal models. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The current study investigated retinal protein changes of form-deprived myopic (FDM) guinea pigs in response to topical administration of 1% atropine gel (10 g/L).

Evaluation of an Optical Defocus Treatment for Myopia Progression Among Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: Myopia progression has been found to be worsening during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to control the rapid myopia progression in this period.

Objective: To analyze the association of COVID-19-related lockdown measures with myopia progression in schoolchildren and to compare the performance of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lens with that of single vision lens (SVL) treatment in reducing myopia progression.

SWATH Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Significant Lipid Metabolism in Early Myopic Guinea Pig Retina.

Most of the previous myopic animal studies employed a single-candidate approach and lower resolution proteomics approaches that were difficult to detect minor changes, and generated limited systems-wide biological information. Hence, a complete picture of molecular events in the retina involving myopic development is lacking. Here, to investigate comprehensive retinal protein alternations and underlying molecular events in the early myopic stage, we performed a data-independent Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH) based proteomic analysis coupled with different bioinformatics tools in pigmented guinea pigs after 4-day lens-induced myopia (LIM).

Myopia control effect of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lens in Chinese children: results of a 3-year follow-up study.

Aims: To determine myopia progression in children who continued to wear the defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses or switched from single vision (SV) to DIMS lenses for a 1-year period following a 2-year myopia control trial.

Methods: 128 children participated in this study. The children who had worn DIMS lenses continued to wear DIMS lenses (DIMS group), and children who had worn SV lenses switched to wear DIMS lenses (Control-to-DIMS group).

Comparison of open-ended and close-ended questions to determine signs and symptoms of eye problems among children.

Background: Parents play important role in providing information regarding their children's health status to healthcare providers. However, parents' ability in reporting signs and symptoms of eye problems among their children required more in-depth investigation. Our study aimed to compare the differences of parental report regarding eye problems among their children using two different question approaches.

IMI - Clinical Management Guidelines Report.

Best practice clinical guidelines for myopia control involve an understanding of the epidemiology of myopia, risk factors, visual environment interventions, and optical and pharmacologic treatments, as well as skills to translate the risks and benefits of a given myopia control treatment into lay language for both the patient and their parent or caregiver. This report details evidence-based best practice management of the pre-, stable, and the progressing myope, including risk factor identification, examination, selection of treatment strategies, and guidelines for ongoing management. Practitioner considerations such as informed consent, prescribing off-label treatment, and guides for patient and parent communication are detailed.

Early quantitative profiling of differential retinal protein expression in lens-induced myopia in guinea pig using fluorescence difference two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

The current study aimed to investigate the differential protein expression in guinea pig retinas in response to lens-induced myopia (LIM) before fully compensated eye growth. Four days old guinea pigs (n=5) were subjected to ‑4D LIM for 8 days. Refractive errors were measured before and at the end of the lens wear period.

Binocular treatment of amblyopia using videogames (BRAVO): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Amblyopia is a common neurodevelopmental disorder of vision that is characterised by visual impairment in one eye and compromised binocular visual function. Existing evidence-based treatments for children include patching the nonamblyopic eye to encourage use of the amblyopic eye. Currently there are no widely accepted treatments available for adults with amblyopia.

Integration of defocus by dual power Fresnel lenses inhibits myopia in the mammalian eye.

Purpose: Eye growth compensates in opposite directions to single vision (SV) negative and positive lenses. We evaluated the response of the guinea pig eye to Fresnel-type lenses incorporating two different powers.

Methods: A total of 114 guinea pigs (10 groups with 9-14 in each) wore a lens over one eye and interocular differences in refractive error and ocular dimensions were measured in each of three experiments.

How representative is the 'Representative Value' of refraction provided by the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor?

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of agreement between the 'Representative Value' (RV) of refraction obtained from the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 instrument with values calculated from individual measurement readings using standard algebraic methods.

Methods: Cycloplegic autorefraction readings for 101 myopic children aged 8-13 years (10.9 ± 1.

Visual profile of children with handwriting difficulties in Hong Kong Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to find out the visual profiles of children with handwriting difficulties (HWD) in Hong Kong Chinese. Forty-nine children with HWD (mean age 8.4 ± 1.

Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lens slows myopia progression in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: a 2-year randomised clinical trial.

Aims: To determine if 'Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact' (DISC) lens wear slows childhood myopia progression.

Methods: A 2-year double-blind randomised controlled trial was carried out in 221 children aged 8-13 years, with myopia between -1.00 and -5.

Prevalence of myopia-related retinal changes among 12-18 year old Hong Kong Chinese high myopes.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of myopia-related retinal changes in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents with high myopia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study on Hong Kong Chinese teenage subjects with high myopia was conducted between January 2005 and June 2009. Subjects were recruited via newspaper advertisements, invitation letters to schools, leaflets and posters.

Prevalence of myopia among Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: changes over two decades.

Purpose: Studies have documented an increasing prevalence of myopia among urbanized Asian countries over recent decades. In the early 1990s, the reported prevalence rate was 25% and 64% for 6 and 12 year old children respectively. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the current prevalence of myopia amongst Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren and whether there has been any increase over the last two decades.

The role of suppression in amblyopia.

Purpose: This study had three main goals: to assess the degree of suppression in patients with strabismic, anisometropic, and mixed amblyopia; to establish the relationship between suppression and the degree of amblyopia; and to compare the degree of suppression across the clinical subgroups within the sample.

Methods: Using both standard measures of suppression (Bagolini lenses and neutral density [ND] filters, Worth 4-Dot test) and a new approach involving the measurement of dichoptic motion thresholds under conditions of variable interocular contrast, the degree of suppression in 43 amblyopic patients with strabismus, anisometropia, or a combination of both was quantified.

Results: There was good agreement between the quantitative measures of suppression made with the new dichoptic motion threshold technique and measurements made with standard clinical techniques (Bagolini lenses and ND filters, Worth 4-Dot test).

A novel instrument for logging nearwork distance.

Purpose: To validate a novel ultrasonic sensor for logging reading distances. In addition, this device was used to compare the habitual reading distances between low and high myopes.

Methods: First, the stability and sensitivity of the ultrasonic device were determined by repeated measures using artificial targets.

Relationships among diabetic retinopathy, antioxidants, and glycemic control.

Purpose: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide and affects ∼11% of the Hong Kong population. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common cause of vision loss in type 2 DM. Risk of DR is increased by poor glycemic control, elevated lipids, and blood pressure, but it is not possible to predict the development or progression of DR at an individual level.

Retinal thickness in myopic and non-myopic eyes.

Purpose: To investigate the retinal thickness profile in myopic and non-myopic eyes.

Methods: The retinal thickness profile of 30 myopic eyes [spherical equivalent error (SER) between -6.00 and -13.

Factors affecting accuracy in the Developmental Eye Movement Test measurement for Cantonese-speaking children.

Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting the accuracy in the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test measurement for Cantonese-speaking children.

Method: The voices of 10 Cantonese-speaking children (aged between six and eight years) undertaking the vertical test (40 numbers) of the DEM test were recorded on a digital audio recorder. These voice clips were assessed by an experienced examiner to give the DEM test times.

Quantifying sensory eye dominance in the normal visual system: a new technique and insights into variation across traditional tests.

Purpose: Although eye dominance assessment is used to assist clinical decision-making, current understanding is limited by inconsistencies across the range of available tests. A new psychophysical test of sensory eye dominance has been developed that objectively measures the relative contribution of each eye to a fused suprathreshold binocular percept.

Methods: Six standard tests and the newly developed test were used to measure motor and sensory dominance in a group of 44 binocularly normal individuals (mean age, 29.

The developmental eye movement (DEM) test and Cantonese-speaking children in Hong Kong SAR, China.

Background: There is no published norm for the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test for Cantonese-speaking Chinese children. This study aimed to determine the normative values of this test for Cantonese-speaking Chinese children in Hong Kong SAR and to compare the results with the published norms of English-speaking and Spanish-speaking children.

Method: Cantonese-speaking students aged from 6 to 11 years were tested by the DEM test in Cantonese and a digital recorder was used to record the process.

Use of the Optomap with lid retraction and its sensitivity and specificity.

Background: Optomap uses the ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to provide retinal examination. It permits fundus examination without the use of a mydriatic, which is more comfortable for the patients. This paper determines the sensitivity and specificity of the Optomap for detecting retinal signs under non-mydriatic conditions.

Simultaneous defocus integration during refractive development.

Purpose: To determine the effects of simultaneously presented myopic and hyperopic defocus on the refractive development of chicks.

Methods: A novel form of dual-power lens was designed. Normal chicks 7 to 8 days of age were fitted with a dual-power lens over one eye and a plano lens over the fellow (control) eye.