Machine Learning for Surgical Phase Recognition: A Systematic Review.

Objective: To provide an overview of ML models and data streams utilized for automated surgical phase recognition.

Background: Phase recognition identifies different steps and phases of an operation. ML is an evolving technology that allows analysis and interpretation of huge data sets.

Sensor-based machine learning for workflow detection and as key to detect expert level in laparoscopic suturing and knot-tying.

Introduction: The most common way of assessing surgical performance is by expert raters to view a surgical task and rate a trainee's performance. However, there is huge potential for automated skill assessment and workflow analysis using modern technology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate machine learning (ML) algorithms using the data of a Myo armband as a sensor device for skills level assessment and phase detection in laparoscopic training.

The Heidelberg VR Score: development and validation of a composite score for laparoscopic virtual reality training.

Introduction: Virtual reality (VR-)trainers are well integrated in laparoscopic surgical training. However, objective feedback is often provided in the form of single parameters, e.g.

Computer tomographic analysis of organ motion caused by respiration and intraoperative pneumoperitoneum in a porcine model for navigated minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Background: Navigation systems have the potential to facilitate intraoperative orientation and recognition of anatomical structures. Intraoperative accuracy of navigation in thoracoabdominal surgery depends on soft tissue deformation. We evaluated esophageal motion caused by respiration and pneumoperitoneum in a porcine model for minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial on a multimodal training curriculum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy - LapTrain.

Background: Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has replaced many open procedures in visceral surgery, technical and psychomotor obstacles remain a constant challenge for surgeons and trainees. However, there are various training curricula enabling surgeons to acquire the visuospatial and psychomotor abilities additionally required when performing MIS. Currently accepted training modalities include box-trainers, organ and animal models as well as completely simulated training environments, realized in virtual reality (VR) trainers.

Validation of the mobile serious game application Touch Surgery™ for cognitive training and assessment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background: Touch Surgery (TS) is a serious gaming application for cognitive task simulation and rehearsal of key steps in surgical procedures. The aim was to establish face, content, and construct validity of TS for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Furthermore, learning curves with TS and a virtual reality (VR) trainer were compared in a randomized trial.

Development and validation of a sensor- and expert model-based training system for laparoscopic surgery: the iSurgeon.

Introduction: Training and assessment outside of the operating room is crucial for minimally invasive surgery due to steep learning curves. Thus, we have developed and validated the sensor- and expert model-based laparoscopic training system, the iSurgeon.

Materials: Participants of different experience levels (novice, intermediate, expert) performed four standardized laparoscopic knots.

Sequential learning of psychomotor and visuospatial skills for laparoscopic suturing and knot tying-a randomized controlled trial "The Shoebox Study" DRKS00008668.

Purpose: Learning curves for minimally invasive surgery are prolonged since psychomotor skills and visuospatial orientation differ from open surgery and must be learned. This study explored potential advantages of sequential learning of psychomotor and visuospatial skills for laparoscopic suturing and knot tying compared to simultaneous learning.

Methods: Laparoscopy-naïve medical students were randomized into a sequential learning group (SEQ) or a simultaneous learning group (SIM).

Sequential learning of psychomotor and visuospatial skills for laparoscopic suturing and knot tying - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial "The shoebox study".

Background: Laparoscopy training has become an integral part of surgical education. Suturing and knot tying is a basic, yet inherent part of many laparoscopic operations, and should be mastered prior to operating on patients. One common and standardized suturing technique is the C-loop technique.