The Effects of Hospital Delivery Volume and Travel Time on Perinatal Mortality and Delivery in Transit: Causal Inference with Triangulation.

Background: Hospital regionalization involves balancing hospital volume and travel time. We investigated how hospital volume and travel time affect perinatal mortality and the risk of delivery in transit using three different study designs.

Methods: This nationwide cohort study used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (1999-2016) and Statistics Norway.

Strategies and Protocols for Optimized Genome Editing in Potato.

The potato family includes a highly diverse cultivar repertoire and has a high potential for nutritional yield improvement and refinement but must in line with other crops be adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses, for example, accelerated by climate change and environmental demands. The combination of pluripotency, high ploidy, and relative ease of protoplast isolation, transformation, and regeneration together with clonal propagation through tubers makes potato highly suitable for precise genetic engineering. Most potato varieties are tetraploid having a very high prevalence of length polymorphisms and small nucleotide polymorphisms between alleles, often complicating CRISPR-Cas editing designs and strategies.

General practitioners retiring or relocating and its association with healthcare use and mortality: a cohort study using Norwegian national data.

Background: Continuity in the general practitioner (GP)-patient relationship is associated with better healthcare outcomes. However, few studies have examined the impact of permanent discontinuities on all listed patients when a GP retires or relocates.

Aim: To investigate changes in the Norwegian population's overall healthcare use and mortality after discontinuity due to Regular GPs retiring or relocating.

Enhanced stress resilience in potato by deletion of Parakletos.

Continued climate change impose multiple stressors on crops, including pathogens, salt, and drought, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Innovative solutions are necessary to develop resilient crops. Here, using quantitative potato proteomics, we identify Parakletos, a thylakoid protein that contributes to disease susceptibility.

A Walk on the Wild Side: Genome Editing of Tuber-Bearing .

is a wild diploid tuber-bearing plant. We here demonstrate transgene-free genome editing of protoplasts and regeneration of gene-edited plants. We use ribonucleoproteins, consisting of Cas9 and sgRNA, assembled in vitro, to target a gene belonging to the nitrate and peptide transporter family.

Cytosine base editors optimized for genome editing in potato protoplasts.

In this study, we generated and compared three cytidine base editors (CBEs) tailor-made for potato (), which conferred up to 43% C-to-T conversion of all alleles in the protoplast pool. Earlier, gene-edited potato plants were successfully generated by polyethylene glycol-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 transformation of protoplasts followed by explant regeneration. In one study, a 3-4-fold increase in editing efficiency was obtained by replacing the standard U6-1 promotor with endogenous potato U6 promotors driving the expression of the gRNA.

General practitioners ending their practice and impact on patients' health, healthcare use and mortality: a protocol for national registry cohort studies in Norway, 2008 to 2021.

Introduction: Continuous general practitioner (GP) and patient relations associate with positive health outcomes. Termination of GP practice is unavoidable, while consequences of final breaks in relations are less explored. We will study how an ended GP relation affects patient's healthcare utilisation and mortality compared with patients with a continuous GP relation.

Impact of altering referral threshold from out-of-hours primary care to hospital on patient safety and further health service use: a cohort study.

Objectives: To estimate the impact of altering referral thresholds from out-of-hours services on older patients' further use of health services and risk of death.

Design: Cohort study using patient data from primary and specialised health services and demographic data from Statistics Norway and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry.

Setting: Norway PARTICIPANTS: 491 653 patients aged 65 years and older contacting Norwegian out-of-hours services between 2008 and 2016.

Corrigendum: Strategies for Efficient Gene Editing in Protoplasts of Theme: Determining gRNA Efficiency Design by Utilizing Protoplast (Research).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.

Invited Mini-Review Research Topic: Utilization of Protoplasts to Facilitate Gene Editing in Plants: Schemes for Shoot Regeneration From Tissues and Protoplasts of Potato and Rapeseed: Implications of Bioengineering Such as Gene Editing of Broad-Leaved Plants.

Schemes for efficient regenerationand recovery of shoots from tissues or single cells, such as protoplasts, are only available for limited numbers of plant species and genotypes and are crucial for establishing gene editing tools on a broader scale in agriculture and plant biology. Growth conditions, including hormone and nutrient composition as well as light regimes in key steps of known regeneration protocols, display significant variations, even between the genotypes within the same species, e.g.

How do busy hospital circumstances affect mortality and readmission within 60 days: A cohort study of 680 000 acute admissions in Norway.

Objective: To study mortality and readmissions for older patients admitted during more and less busy hospital circumstances.

Design: Cohort study where we identified patients that were admitted to the same hospital, during the same month and day of the week. We estimated effects of inflow of acute patients and the number of concurrent acute inpatients.

High ward occupancy, bedspacing, and 60 day mortality for patients with myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure.

Aims: To study the consequences of crowded wards among patients with cardiovascular disease.

Methods And Results: This is a cohort study among 201 801 patients with 258 807 admissions who were acutely admitted for myocardial infarction (N = 107 895), stroke (N = 87 336), or heart failure (N = 63 576) to any Norwegian hospital between 2008 and 2016. The ward admitting most patients with the given clinical condition was considered a patient's home ward.

Strategies for Efficient Gene Editing in Protoplasts of Solanum tuberosum Theme: Determining gRNA Efficiency Design by Utilizing Protoplast (Research).

Potato, is a highly diverse tetraploid crop. Elite cultivars are extremely heterozygous with a high prevalence of small length polymorphisms (indels) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within and between cultivars, which must be considered in CRISPR/Cas gene editing strategies and designs to obtain successful gene editing. In the present study, in-depth sequencing of the gene encoding glucan water dikinase (GWD) 1 and the downy mildew resistant 6 (DMR6-1) genes in the potato cultivars Saturna and Wotan, respectively, revealed both indels and a 1.

Effects of GP characteristics on unplanned hospital admissions and patient safety. A 9-year follow-up of all Norwegian out-of-hours contacts.

Background: There are substantial differences in hospital referrals between general practitioners (GPs); however, there is little research on the consequences for patient safety and further healthcare use.

Objective: To investigate associations between out-of-hours GP characteristics, unplanned hospital admissions, and patient safety.

Methods: This cohort study included all Norwegian out-of-hours services contacts from 2008 to 2016, linked to registry data on patient characteristics, healthcare use and death, and GP age, sex, specialist status, out-of-hours service experience, and prior admission proportion.

High volumes of recent surgical admissions, time to surgery, and 60-day mortality.

Aims: Few studies have investigated potential consequences of strained surgical resources. The aim of this cohort study was to assess whether a high proportion of concurrent acute surgical admissions, tying up hospital surgical capacity, may lead to delayed surgery and affect mortality for hip fracture patients.

Methods: This study investigated time to surgery and 60-day post-admission death of patients 70 years and older admitted for acute hip fracture surgery in Norway between 2008 and 2016.

Targeted conservation genetics of the endangered chimpanzee.

Populations of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are in an impending risk of going extinct in the wild as a consequence of damaging anthropogenic impact on their natural habitat and illegal pet and bushmeat trade. Conservation management programmes for the chimpanzee have been established outside their natural range (ex situ), and chimpanzees from these programmes could potentially be used to supplement future conservation initiatives in the wild (in situ). However, these programmes have often suffered from inadequate information about the geographical origin and subspecies ancestry of the founders.

Genetic diagnosis of trisomy 21 in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

The most frequent chromosomal aneuploidy in humans, trisomy 21 (T21), has only been reported twice in the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In both cases, phenotypical traits were comparable to human T21 traits and were formally diagnosed through conventional techniques like chromosomal staining. Here, we present the first application of sequencing data as a diagnostic tool to compare chromosomal dosage imbalances in chimpanzees.

Hospitals´ Discharge Tendency and Risk of Death - An Analysis of 60,000 Norwegian Hip Fracture Patients.

Purpose: A reduction in the length of hospital stay may threaten patient safety. This study aimed to estimate the effect of organizational pressure to discharge on 60-day mortality among hip fracture patients.

Patients And Methods: In this cohort study, hip fracture patients were analyzed as if they were enrolled in a sequence of trials for discharge.

The effect of emergency department delays on 30-day mortality in Central Norway.

Objective: To assess whether prolonged length of stay in the emergency department was associated with risk of death.

Methods: We analysed data from 165,183 arrivals at St. Olav's University Hospital's emergency department from 2011 to 2018, using an instrumental variable method.

Employees' drug purchases before and after organizational downsizing: a natural experiment on the Norwegian working population (2004-2012).

Objectives This study investigated the association between organizational downsizing and purchases of prescribed drugs by private sector employees in Norway. Methods A natural experiment was constructed using individual-level employer and employee data linked to the national prescription database for the period 2004-2012. The study population comprised 144 089 employees who had been exposed to major downsizing in the same period.

Chimpanzee genomic diversity reveals ancient admixture with bonobos.

Our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, have a complex demographic history. We analyzed the high-coverage whole genomes of 75 wild-born chimpanzees and bonobos from 10 countries in Africa. We found that chimpanzee population substructure makes genetic information a good predictor of geographic origin at country and regional scales.

The relationship between educational attainment and waiting time among the elderly in Norway.

We investigate whether educational attainment affects waiting time of elderly patients in somatic hospitals. We consider three distinct pathways; that patients with different educational attainment have different disease patterns, that patients with different levels of education receive treatments at different hospitals, and that patient choice and supply of local health services within hospital catchment areas explain unequal waiting time of different educational groups. We find evidence of an educational gradient in waiting time for male patients, but not for female patients.

Contrasting demographic histories of the neighboring bonobo and chimpanzee.

The Pleistocene epoch was a period of dramatic climate change that had profound impacts on the population sizes of many animal species. How these species were shaped by past events is often unclear, hindering our understanding of the population dynamics resulting in present day populations. We analyzed complete mitochondrial genomes representing all four recognized chimpanzee subspecies and the bonobo to infer the recent demographic history and used simulations to exclude a confounding effect of population structure.

Maternal education and risk of offspring death; changing patterns from 16 weeks of gestation until one year after birth.

Background: The social disparity in perinatal mortality may vary by the age of the offspring. We studied offspring mortality from pregnancy week 16 until 1 year after birth by maternal educational level.

Methods: We included all births in Norwegian women during the years 1999-2004 (n = 297 663).