Setting up regional diagnostic reference levels for pediatric computed tomography in Latin America: preliminary results, challenges and the work ahead.

We established a framework for collecting radiation doses for head, chest and abdomen-pelvis computed tomography (CT) in children scanned at multiple imaging sites across Latin America with an aim towards establishing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) in pediatric CT in Latin America. Our study included 12 Latin American sites (in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Panama) contributing data on the four most common pediatric CT examinations (non-contrast head, non-contrast chest, post-contrast chest and post-contrast abdomen-pelvis). Sites contributed data on patients' age, sex and weight, scan factors (tube current and potential), volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP).

Giant cavernous malformation of the posterior fossa with lymphangiomatous phenotype, associated with orbital venolymphatic anomaly in an 11-month-old patient: case report and literature review.

The synchronous presentation of venolymphatic anomalies of the orbit and noncontiguous intracranial cavernous malformations is uncommon. Herein, we present a case of an 11-month-old female patient diagnosed with orbital venolymphatic anomaly associated with a large cavernous malformation in the posterior fossa, who underwent complete surgical resection of the latter. The immunohistochemical analysis was positive for podoplanin, a marker expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells, but not vascular endothelium.