Infantile Colic: A Survey of Physicians in Pakistan.

Purpose: Infantile colic diagnostic criteria were established by Rome IV. A universally accepted management remains to be established. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and perceived regional prevalence of infantile colic in Pakistan, as well as its effect on physicians and parents.

Acute gastroenteritis-changes to the recommended original oral rehydrating salts: a review.

The World Health Organization recommended a formulation of oral rehydration salts as the intervention of choice for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis. While of value for the replacement of fluids and electrolytes, the formulation does not reduce stool volume, frequency, or symptom duration. This may prevent wide acceptance.

Role of adjuvant Crohn's disease exclusion diet plus enteral nutrition in asymptomatic pediatric Crohn's disease having biochemical activity: A randomized, pilot study.

Background: Conventional therapy can result in remission in mild-moderate pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). However, some patients experience loss of response to biological drugs despite increased dosage.

Methods: We planned to determine that CD exclusion diet plus partial enteral nutrition offers additional benefits in asymptomatic children with CD having elevated fecal calprotectin.

Complementary Feeding: Beyond Nutrition.

In this article, we will summarize the key non-nutritional aspects of the introduction of complementary feeding. Intestinal maturation related to starch digestion is relatively complete by the time complementary feeding is recommended to be initiated. A much more complex maturation is needed, however, from the neurodevelopmental standpoint as the infants need to be able to hold their head and trunk and be able to coordinate tongue movement followed by swallowing.

Practices of Introduction of Complementary Feeding and Iron Deficiency Prevention in the Middle East and North Africa.

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia is associated with impaired mental and psychomotor development. Given the paucity of information on physicians' knowledge and practices on iron (Fe) supplementation and impact of ID in the Middle East and North Africa, it was felt important to conduct a survey.

Method: A group of expert physicians developed a questionnaire that was randomly distributed among Middle East and North Africa doctors to assess their knowledge and practices on introduction of complementary feeding, impact of ID, its prevention, and their impression on prevalence of ID.

Chapter 4. The Relationship Between the European and North American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.

This chapter is based on the memories of those who shaped the relationship between the European and the North American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. The first joint meeting of the 2 Societies took place in Paris in 1978, followed by 1 in New York in 1985, 1 in Amsterdam in 1990, 1 in Houston in 1994, and the last one in Toulouse in 1998. The formation of the Federation of the International Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (FISPGHAN) preceded the First World Congress of all Societies, which took place in Boston in 2000.

Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy leads to small bowel bacterial overgrowth as determined by breath hydrogen and methane excretion.

Objectives: Prolonged suppression of gastric acid secretion by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may alter the bacterial microbiota of the upper gastrointestinal tract and lead to small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO). Published reports have shown conflicting results on the association between PPI therapy and risk of SBBO development. We evaluated whether long-term PPI treatment is associated with presence of SBBO as determined by breath hydrogen (H) and methane (CH) excretion.

The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England.

Objectives: To estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.

Study Design: To estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a 'de novo' analysis was performed.

Low-impedance Baseline Values Predict Severe Esophagitis.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine whether esophageal baseline impedance (BI) values in children could be predictive of esophagitis.

Materials And Methods: Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) tracings of children 3 to 17 years of age suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis, who had also undergone upper endoscopy with multiple esophageal biopsies, were reviewed. Patients with eosinophilic esophagitis were excluded.

Costs associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and FGID-related signs and symptoms have a fundamental impact on the psychosocial, physical and mental well-being of infants and their parents alike. Recent reviews and studies have indicated that FGIDs and related signs and symptoms may also have a substantial impact on the budgets of third-party payers and/or parents. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate these costs.

An international consensus report on a new algorithm for the management of infant diarrhoea.

Aim: Implementing international guidelines guarantees high standards of clinical care. A group of experts developed an algorithm to drive the management of common gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy by paediatricians and general practitioners.

Methods: The algorithm started from the evidence-based recommendations of the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and an updated review of the literature.

Early Life Factors Influencing the Risk of Obesity.

The obesity epidemic is a worldwide problem. Factors predisposing to obesity include genetics, race, socioeconomic conditions, birth by cesarean section, and perinatal antibiotic use. High protein (HP) content in infant formulas has been identified as a potential culprit predisposing to rapid weight gain in the first few months of life and leading to later obesity.

Functional gastro-intestinal disorder algorithms focus on early recognition, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies.

Unlabelled: Up to 50% of infants present with symptoms of regurgitation, infantile colic and/or constipation during the first 12 months of life. Although they are often classed as functional disorders, there is an overlap with cows' milk allergy. We present practical algorithms for the management of such disorders, based on existing evidence and general consensus, with a particular focus on primary health care.

Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Children.

Objectives: The aim of study was to perform a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis, available diagnostic procedures, prevalence, clinical manifestations, and consequences of small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) as well as treatment options in the pediatric population.

Methods: A literature search including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was performed.

Results: SBBO is found in a variety of childhood conditions in which the normal homeostatic mechanisms restricting bacterial colonization in the small bowel are disturbed by congenital or acquired anatomical abnormalities, diminished gastric acid secretion, congenital alteration of intestinal motility or acquired small bowel diseases, or other chronic disorders including primary or acquired immunodeficiency.