Healthcare utilization and costs of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder initiating atomoxetine versus extended-release guanfacine.

Objectives: To compare 1-year direct healthcare costs and utilization among children and adolescents initiating non-stimulant medications atomoxetine (ATX) or extended-release guanfacine (GXR).

Methods: In this retrospective, observational cohort study, children and adolescents aged 6-17 years with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who had ≥1 prescription claim for ATX or GXR between December 31, 2009 and January 1, 2011 were identified in the MarketScan Commercial or Multi-State Medicaid claims databases. The first claim was set as the index.

Factors associated with stroke, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, unstable angina, or mortality in patients from real world clinical practice with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes and early glycemic control.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), all-cause mortality, or a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD) or unstable angina (UA), among patients newly-diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with no recent history of cardiovascular (CV) events who rapidly achieve and maintain HbA ≤8.0%.

Methods: Data were obtained from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) from January 1990 to December 2012.

Heterogeneity of response to biologic treatment: perspective for psoriasis.

Psoriasis treatment responses are affected by patient characteristics. However, the literature does not contain reviews of factors that affect the response to biologic therapies. We therefore performed a comprehensive literature search to identify papers describing demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with response to biologic drug therapy in psoriatic patients.

Comprehensive review of factors implicated in the heterogeneity of response in depression.

Background: Heterogeneity in overall response and outcomes to pharmacological treatment has been reported in several depression studies but with few sources that integrate these results. The goal of this study was to review the literature and attempt to identify nongenetic factors potentially predictive of overall response to depression treatments.

Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature from the last 10 years was performed using three key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane).

Review of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis: assessment of heterogeneity.

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, progressive, inflammatory disorder. The primary goals of treatment in RA are to reduce the signs and symptoms of disease, prevent progression of joint damage and improve patients' physical function. Patients with different sociodemographic characteristics, varying degrees of severity of illness, and comorbidities tend to exhibit differential response to treatment.