Design, fabrication, and evaluation of high frequency, single-element transducers incorporating different materials.

The performance of high frequency, single-element transducers depends greatly on the mechanical and electrical properties of the piezoelectric materials used. This study compares the design and performance of transducers incorporating different materials. The materials investigated include 1-3 lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fiber composite, lead titanate (PbTiO3) ceramic, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film, and lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystal.