Tinnitus Footprints in the Cochlea.

The purpose of this paper is to show how temporal bone histopathology has been instrumental in adding knowledge about the origin of tinnitus in the cochlea and how it will still be useful for that purpose in the future. The papers published on this subject will be reviewed, and their contributions will be highlighted. The knowledge that is now part of the subject will be pointed out, and future research on this area will be pointed out.

Ten Years Follow Up of Patients with Tinnitus and Normal Hearing.

Objective: To describe the natural history of tinnitus in normal hearing patients.

Study Design: This is a prospective longitudinal observational study.

Setting: Tertiary University Hospital.

Acquisition of endoscopic nasal surgery skills with a lamb's head model.

Objectives: To evaluate the acquisition of surgical skills by otolaryngology residents and established the minimum number of dissections of a lamb's model to be performed before practicing on human patients.

Methods: Nineteen second-year otolaryngology residents performed ten dissections each, five on each nasal cavity, always practicing the same three surgical procedures on the lamb model. Each student's training lasted 2-months, and the entire training intervention lasted 4-years, over four generations of residents.

Hearing of neonates without risk indicators for hearing loss and use of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy: a historical cohort study in the Northern Region of Brazil.

Introduction: Studies have demonstrated the ototoxic effects of antimalarial drugs in individuals who receive these drugs, but little is known regarding the toxicity of these drugs in the newborn auditory system when administered to the mother receive the drug during pregnancy.

Objective: To verify the incidence of hearing loss in neonates who have no other associated risk indicators, born to mothers treated for malaria during pregnancy.

Methods: A retrospective, quantitative cohort study was developed at Hospital de Base Dr.

Does ear endoscopy provide advantages in the outpatient management of open mastoidectomy cavities?

Objective: To evaluate the use of ear endoscopy in the postoperative management of open mastoidectomy cavities, and to test whether ear endoscopy improves inspection and cleaning compared with ear microscopy.

Methods: Prospective study. Thirty-two ears were divided into two groups: group 1, examination and cleaning of mastoid cavities under endoscopic visualization after microscopic standard ear cleaning; group 2, examination and cleaning of mastoid cavities under microscopic visualization after endoscope-assisted ear cleaning.

Tinnitus and sound intolerance: evidence and experience of a Brazilian group.

Introduction: Tinnitus and sound intolerance are frequent and subjective complaints that may have an impact on a patient's quality of life.

Objective: To present a review of the salient points including concepts, pathophysiology, diagnosis and approach of the patient with tinnitus and sensitivity to sounds.

Methods: Literature review with bibliographic survey in LILACS, SciELO, Pubmed and MEDLINE database.

High-frequency conductive hearing loss as a diagnostic test for incomplete ossicular discontinuity in non-cholesteatomatous chronic suppurative otitis media.

Chronic suppurative otitis media, with or without cholesteatoma, may lead to erosion of the ossicles and discontinuity of the ossicular chain. In incomplete ossicular discontinuity (IOD), partial erosion of the ossicles occurs, but some sound transmission is noted throughout the ossicular chain. High-frequency conductive hearing loss (HfCHL) has been considered a hallmark of incomplete ossicular discontinuity.

Facial thread lifting with suture suspension.

Introduction: The increased interest in minimally-invasive treatments, such as the thread lifting, with lower risk of complications, minimum length of time away from work and effectiveness in correcting ptosis and aging characteristics has led many specialists to adopt this technique, but many doubts about its safety and effectiveness still limit its overall use.

Objective: To analyze data published in the literature on the durability of results, their effectiveness, safety, and risk of serious adverse events associated with procedures using several types of threading sutures.

Methods: Literature review using the key words "thread lift", "barbed suture", "suture suspension" and "APTOS".

Analysis of Hearing and Tinnitus in Workers Exposed to Occupational Noise.

Introduction: Noise is one of the harmful agents to health that is present in the various branches of economic activity. Hearing loss and tinnitus are among the most frequently reported complaints by workers exposed to occupational noise.

Objective: To analyze the hearing and tinnitus in normal-hearing workers exposed to occupational noise.

Amplified music exposure carries risks to hearing.

Objective: To investigate the association between changes in the outer hair cells and exposure to amplified music in a group of high-school students.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective, case-control study, 86 subjects underwent audiometry, immittance audiometry, and distortion-product otoacoustic emission tests. The subjects were questioned about their listening habits and divided into 2 groups: exposed and unexposed.

Association between suppression of otoacoustic emissions and annoyance levels in tinnitus patients with normal hearing.

Objective: To correlate the annoyance of tinnitus assessed by the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and on a visual analogue scale with the evoked otoacoustic emission test result in tinnitus patients with normal hearing.

Study Design: Case-control study.

Setting: Public tertiary hospital.

Risk of hearing alterations in newborns of mothers treated for malaria.

Introduction: The antimalarial drugs can cause irreversible sensorineural hearing loss, and chloroquine phosphate use can be ototoxic to the fetus.

Objective: To compare the results of hearing screening in newborns of mothers treated for malaria in pregnancy with the results of newborns of mothers untreated and check for increased risk of hearing alterations in the group exposed to treatment.

Method: Retrospective cohort study which involved 284 infants, 30 in the exposed group to malaria treatment and 254 in the unexposed group, matched for gestational age, birth weight and risk indicators for hearing.

The chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 against cisplatin ototoxicity: a pilot study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by using distortion product otoacoustic emission test, the action of Ginkgo biloba extract 761, which has a known antioxidant property, as a possible otoprotective against cisplatin induced hearing loss. This prospective and double blinded study was conducted on individuals that were to begin cisplatin treatment in a tertiary university center. They were randomized and allocated in two groups: control group (CG) (n = 07) receiving placebo and cisplatin and study group (SG) (n = 08) receiving Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (240 mg/day) and cisplatin.

Intratympanic corticosteroid for sudden hearing loss: does it really work?

Introduction: Sudden deafness is characterized by an abrupt hearing loss of at least 30dB in three sequential frequencies in the standard pure tone audiogram over three days or less. Treatment is based on its etiology, and oral corticosteroids are widely used. Intratympanic corticosteroids are included as primary or secondary treatment when there is no improvement with the use of oral corticosteroids.

Tinnitus Annoyance in Normal-Hearing Individuals: Correlation With Depression and Anxiety.

Objective: To assess and correlate tinnitus annoyance in normal-hearing patients with auditory brainstem response and with anxiety/depression.

Methods: A sample of 84 individuals with tinnitus and normal hearing levels (pure-tone thresholds ≤25 dB HL) was compared to a matched control group of 47 normal-hearing individuals without tinnitus. All participants underwent auditory brainstem response testing.

Cochlear neuropathy in human presbycusis: Confocal analysis of hidden hearing loss in post-mortem tissue.

Recent animal work has suggested that cochlear synapses are more vulnerable than hair cells in both noise-induced and age-related hearing loss. This synaptopathy is invisible in conventional histopathological analysis, because cochlear nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion survive for years, and synaptic analysis requires special immunostaining or serial-section electron microscopy. Here, we show that the same quadruple-immunostaining protocols that allow synaptic counts, hair cell counts, neuronal counts and differentiation of afferent and efferent fibers in mouse can be applied to human temporal bones, when harvested within 9 h post-mortem and prepared as dissected whole mounts of the sensory epithelium and osseous spiral lamina.

Electrocochleography for Ménière's disease: is it reliable?

Introduction: Endolymphatic hydrops, the histopathological substrate of Ménière's disease, is an almost universal finding in postmortem studies of patients with this disease. The cause of hydrops is still unknown, as is the mechanism by which it causes progressive dysfunction of the sensory organs of inner ear. The fluctuating course of the disease complicates the interpretation of certain tests, such as electrocochleography; thus, for some authors its diagnostic value is questionable.

Hearing preservation in cochlear implant surgery.

In the past, it was thought that hearing loss patients with residual low-frequency hearing would not be good candidates for cochlear implantation since insertion was expected to induce inner ear trauma. Recent advances in electrode design and surgical techniques have made the preservation of residual low-frequency hearing achievable and desirable. The importance of preserving residual low-frequency hearing cannot be underestimated in light of the added benefit of hearing in noisy atmospheres and in music quality.

Prevalence of hearing loss in newborns of mothers who had malaria and were treated with antimalaric drugs in pregnancy.

Introduction: Gestational malaria is related to very bad perinatal outcomes and antimalarial drugs used during pregnancy can be ototoxic to the fetus.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hearing loss in newborns of mothers who had malaria and treated with antimalarial drugs during pregnancy.

Materials And Methods: Cross-sectional study which involved 35 newborns.

Comparative analysis of vocabulary in children with cochlear implants.

Introduction: The use of tests assessing the speech of patients who underwent cochlear implant (CI) surgery is warranted to increase knowledge on the development of these patients' language skills. The ABFW Child Language Test evaluates vocabulary, phonology, fluency, and pragmatics and can be administered to these children.

Objective: To evaluate the vocabulary of children using CI.

Stapedotomy in a residency training program.

Introduction: The major objective of a stapedotomy is the restoration of hearing. In training centers, the hearing results obtained by resident physicians are lower than those achieved by more experienced surgeons. An analysis of the surgical results obtained by resident physicians is essential to identification of the deficiencies in the learning process.

Stage II Chronic Maxillary Atelectasis Associated with Subclinical Visual Field Defect.

Introduction Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) is characterized by a persistent decrease in the maxillary sinus volume due to inward bowing of its walls. According to its severity, it may be classified into three clinical-radiological stages. Objective To report a case of stage II CMA associated with subclinical visual field defect.

Eagle's Syndrome.

Introduction:  Eagle's syndrome is characterized by cervicopharyngeal signs and symptoms associated with elongation of the styloid apophysis. This elongation may occur through ossification of the stylohyoid ligament, or through growth of the apophysis due to osteogenesis triggered by a factor such as trauma. Elongation of the styloid apophysis may give rise to intense facial pain, headache, dysphagia, otalgia, buzzing sensations, and trismus.