Unveiling soil temperature reached during a wildfire event using ex-post chemical and hydraulic soil analysis.

Wildfires affect different physical, chemical, and hydraulic soil properties, and the magnitude of their effects varies depending on intrinsic soil properties and wildfire characteristics. As a result of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires have increased, and understanding their impact and predicting the temperature to which soils were exposed in previous events is becoming increasingly critical. Hence, the objectives of this study were to develop a soil-heating laboratory procedure to (a) identify changes in soil properties at different temperatures and (b) to infer the temperature ranges to which heated soils have been exposed.

A comprehensive evaluation of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil water content in environmental modeling and ecosystem management.

Many pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have been developed for predicting the soil water content at different matric potentials. The use of these functions has been encouraged because of the time and work typically required for measuring it, while the PTFs require commonly measured soil properties such as sand, silt, clay, organic matter content, or bulk density for predicting water retention. In addition, several environmental and ecosystem management simulation models such as DRAINMOD, HYDRUS, EPIC, SPAW, and WEPP use PTFs for computing soil hydraulic properties.

A simple model for estimating changes in rainfall erosivity caused by variations in rainfall patterns.

A major challenge when coupling soil loss models with precipitation forecasts from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) is that their time resolutions do not generally agree. Precipitation forecasts from GCM must be scaled down; however, the distribution of the rainfall intensity, which can affect soil loss as much as precipitation amounts, is usually not considered in this process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a statistical equation for computing event-based rainfall erosivity under changing precipitation patterns using the least amount of information possible.

A New Method for Sensing Soil Water Content in Green Roofs Using Plant Microbial Fuel Cells.

Green roofs have many benefits, but in countries with semiarid climates the amount of water needed for irrigation is a limiting factor for their maintenance. The use of drought-tolerant plants such as species, reduces the water requirements in the dry season, but, even so, in semiarid environments these can reach up to 60 L m per day. Continuous substrate/soil water content monitoring would facilitate the efficient use of this critical resource.

Predicting the particle size distribution of eroded sediment using artificial neural networks.

Water erosion causes soil degradation and nonpoint pollution. Pollutants are primarily transported on the surfaces of fine soil and sediment particles. Several soil loss models and empirical equations have been developed for the size distribution estimation of the sediment leaving the field, including the physically-based models and empirical equations.

Boron stress response and accumulation potential of the extremely tolerant species Puccinellia frigida.

Phytoremediation is a promising technology to tackle boron toxicity, which restricts agricultural activities in many arid and semi-arid areas. Puccinellia frigida is a perennial grass that was reported to hyperaccumulate boron in extremely boron-contaminated sites. To further investigate its potential for phytoremediation, we determined its response to boron stress under controlled conditions (hydroponic culture).

Active and legacy mining in an arid urban environment: challenges and perspectives for Copiapó, Northern Chile.

Urban expansion in areas of active and legacy mining imposes a sustainability challenge, especially in arid environments where cities compete for resources with agriculture and industry. The city of Copiapó, with 150,000 inhabitants in the Atacama Desert, reflects this challenge. More than 30 abandoned tailings from legacy mining are scattered throughout its urban and peri-urban area, which include an active copper smelter.

Sediment composition for the assessment of water erosion and nonpoint source pollution in natural and fire-affected landscapes.

Water erosion is a leading cause of soil degradation and a major nonpoint source pollution problem. Many efforts have been undertaken to estimate the amount and size distribution of the sediment leaving the field. Multi-size class water erosion models subdivide eroded soil into different sizes and estimate the aggregate's composition based on empirical equations derived from agricultural soils.

Natural attenuation process via microbial oxidation of arsenic in a high Andean watershed.

Rivers in northern Chile have arsenic (As) concentrations at levels that are toxic for humans and other organisms. Microorganism-mediated redox reactions have a crucial role in the As cycle; the microbial oxidation of As (As(III) to As(V)) is a critical transformation because it favors the immobilization of As in the solid phase. We studied the role of microbial As oxidation for controlling the mobility of As in the extreme environment found in the Chilean Altiplano (i.

Differential arsenic binding in the sediments of two sites in Chile's lower Loa River basin.

Fluvial sediments from two lower Loa River basin sites in northern Chile were compared in order to probe the effects of vegetation and organic matter (OM) on As accumulation in fluvial environments. The two sites were the Sloman dam, which lacks macrophytes and has a low OM content (2.4%) in sediments, and the Quillagua Oasis, which is 23 km downstream from the Sloman site and has a higher OM (6.

Testing the Wisconsin Phosphorus Index with year-round, field-scale runoff monitoring.

The Wisconsin Phosphorus Index (WPI) is one of several P indices in the United States that use equations to describe actual P loss processes. Although for nutrient management planning the WPI is reported as a dimensionless whole number, it is calculated as average annual dissolved P (DP) and particulate P (PP) mass delivered per unit area. The WPI calculations use soil P concentration, applied manure and fertilizer P, and estimates of average annual erosion and average annual runoff.

Instrumentation for measuring runoff, sediment, and chemical losses from agricultural fields.

This work describes a simple, passive sampling system for measuring runoff, sediment, and chemical losses from typical agricultural fields. The sampler consists of a 5 to 7 m wide runoff collector connected to a series of multislot divisors. These divisors split the flow into aliquots, providing a continuous sampling during the runoff event.