Changes in Digestive Enzyme Activities during Larval Development of Spotted Seatrout ().

The spotted seatrout ()-an important commercial species-has a high potential for aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico. To optimize its feeding during larval rearing, this study aims to evaluate the primary gastric (pepsin), intestinal (leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase), and pancreatic (alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase) enzyme activities from hatching to day 30. A multivariate analysis identified three digestive enzyme development stages during the spotted seatrout larval transformation.

The Indigenous Probiotic PH3-05 Enhances the Growth, Digestive Physiology, and Gut Microbiota of the Tropical Gar () Larvae.

Probiotics in aquaculture hold promise for enhancing fish health and growth. Due to their increased specificity and affinity for their host, indigenous probiotics may offer isolated and potentially amplified benefits. This study investigated the effects of PH3-05, previously isolated from adults of tropical gar (), on the growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, expression of barrier and immune genes, and intestinal microbiota composition in the larvae of tropical gar.

Histological study of the development of the digestive system during larval feeding in the pike silverside Chirostoma estor.

Chirostoma estor (Jordan, 1879) is an endemic freshwater species with a high potential for aquaculture; however, as in many other fish, larviculture of this species is the most critical stage, in which the higher mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to fully describe the development of the digestive system to establish better feeding protocols in the larval culture of C. estor, both for aquaculture and restoration purposes.

From zero to ossified: Larval skeletal ontogeny of the Neotropical Cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus.

The identification of skeletal elements, the analysis of their developmental sequence, and the time of their appearance during larval development are essential to broaden the knowledge of each fish species and to recognize skeletal abnormalities that may affect further fish performance. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a general description of the development of the entire skeleton highlighting its variability in Cichlasoma dimerus. Larvae of C.

Identification and expression analysis of transcripts involved in taurine biosynthesis during early ontogeny of tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus.

In fishes, the availability of taurine is regulated during ontogenetic development, where its endogenous synthesis capacity is species dependent. Thus, different pathways and involved enzymes have been described: pathway I (cysteine sulfinate-dependent pathway), cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (cdo1) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (csad); pathway II (cysteic acid pathway), cdo1 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad); and pathway III (cysteamine pathway), 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (ado); whereas taurine transporter (taut) is responsible for taurine entry into cells on the cell membrane and the mitochondria. This study determined if the tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus), an ancient holostean fish model, has the molecular mechanism to synthesize taurine through the identification and analysis expression of transcripts coding for proteins involved in its biosynthesis and transportation, at different embryo-larvae stages and in different organs of juveniles (31 dah).

Morphological and cardiac alterations after crude oil exposure in the early-life stages of the tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus).

Fish development can be affected by environmental pollutants such as crude oil (anthropogenic or natural sources), causing alterations especially in cardiac function and morphology. Most such studies have focused on saltwater species, whereas studies in freshwater fishes are scant. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of crude oil exposure (as 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% high-energy water accommodated fractions, HEWAF) on cardiac function and edema formation during two early periods of development (embryo and eleuteroembryo, 48 h each) individually using the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus as a model.

Potential applications of recombinant bifidobacterial proteins in the food industry, biomedicine, process innovation and glycobiology.

Unlabelled: Bifidobacterial proteins have been widely studied to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of diet adaptation and survival of Bifidobacteria, among others. The use of heterologous expression systems to obtain proteins in sufficient quantities to be characterized has been essential in these studies. and the same as expression systems highlight ways to corroborate some of the functions attributed to these proteins.

Hypoxia- and hyperoxia-related gene expression dynamics during developmental critical windows of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus.

Aquatic hypoxia is both a naturally-occurring and anthropogenically-generated event. Fish species have evolved different adaptations to cope with hypoxic environments, including gill modifications and air breathing. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the respiration of embryonic and larval fishes during critical windows of development.

Expression of ion transport proteins and routine metabolism in juveniles of tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) exposed to ammonia.

Tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) thrives in aquatic habitats with high levels of total nitrogen (TAN) and unionized ammonia (NH). However, the tolerance of TAN and NH, the excretion mechanisms involved, and the effects of these chemicals on routine metabolism are still unknown. Therefore, our objectives were to assess the acute toxicity of TAN and NH in A.

Changes in digestive enzyme activities during the early ontogeny of the South American cichlid (Cichlasoma dimerus).

Cichlasoma dimerus is a neotropical cichlid that has been used as a biological model for neuroendocrinology studies. However, its culture is problematic in terms of larval feeding to allow having enough fry quantity and quality. Larviculture requires full knowledge about the digestive system and nutrition; therefore, this study was intended to assess the digestive enzymes' changes at different ages during the early ontogeny.

Expression of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis genes during the early life-cycle stages of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus.

Long-chain (≥C) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), are essential in multiple physiological processes, especially during early development of vertebrates. LC-PUFA biosynthesis is achieved by two key families of enzymes, fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl). The present study determined the expression patterns of genes encoding desaturases (fads1 and fads2) and elongases (elovl2 and elovl5) involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis during early life-stages of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus.

Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Energy Intake, Body Weight and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy and with Altered Glycemic Response Rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) consumption on energy intake, body weight and postprandial glycemia in healthy and with altered glycemic response rats. Animals on normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) were divided to receive NNS (sucralose, aspartame, stevia, rebaudioside A) or nutritive sweeteners (glucose, sucrose) for 8 weeks. The NNS were administered at doses equivalent to the human acceptable daily intake (ADI).

The larval attachment organ of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863 (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae).

Larval attachment organs (LAOs) are unicellular or multicellular organs that allow larvae to adhere to a substrate before yolk-sac absorption and the free-swimming stage. This study documents the LAO of tropical gar, Atractosteus tropicus, using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. It is shown that the LAO of A.

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) distribution in the brain of the ancient fish Atractosteus tropicus (Holostei, Lepisosteiformes).

The Holostei group occupies a critical phylogenetic position as the sister group of the Teleostei. However, little is known about holostean pituitary anatomy or brain distribution of important reproductive neuropeptides, such as the gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Thus, the present study set out to characterize the structure of the pituitary and to localize GnIH-immunoreactive cells in the brain of Atractosteus tropicus from the viewpoint of comparative neuroanatomy.

Continuous Microalgal Cultivation for Antioxidants Production.

Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, represent a valuable source of natural compounds that have remarkable bioactive properties. Each microalga species produces a mixture of antioxidants with different amounts of each compound. Three aspects are important in the production of bioactive compounds: the microalga species, the medium composition including light supplied and the photobioreactor design, and operation characteristics.

Identification and in silico structural and functional analysis of a trypsin-like protease from shrimp .

(Linnaeus, 1758) is a species of freshwater shrimp widely distributed from Florida southwards to southern Brazil, including southeast of Mexico. In the present work, we identified a putative trypsin-like protease cDNA fragment of 736 nucleotides from hepatopancreas tissue by the 3'RACE technique and compared the deduced amino acid sequence to other trypsin-related proteases to describe its structure and function relationship. The bioinformatics analyses showed that the deduced amino acid sequence likely corresponds to a trypsin-like protease closely related to brachyurins, which comprise a subset of serine proteases with collagenolytic activity found in crabs and other crustacea.

Effect of salinity on zinc toxicity (ZnCl and ZnO nanomaterials) in the mosquitofish (Gambusia sexradiata).

Zn is an essential trace metal in living beings. However, excessive concentrations can cause toxic effects even in the aquatic biota. Zn is widely used in different industrial sectors, which has increased its presence in aquatic environments.

Biochemical characterization of a semi-purified aspartic protease from sea catfish Bagre panamensis with milk-clotting activity.

Pepsin from stomach of was semi-purified and biochemically characterized. The acid proteolytic activity and purification fold were 3875 U/mg protein and 91.85, respectively, after purification process.

Trypsin gene expression in adults and larvae of tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus.

Trypsin gene (try) expression levels were quantified in different organs of wild and captive tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) adults, and changes in expression during initial ontogeny of the species were determined. RNA was extracted from the pancreas, and cDNA was synthesized and later amplified by endpoint PCR using oligonucleotides designed from different try sequences of fish registered in GenBank. Subsequently, specific oligonucleotides were designed from the partial sequences.

Effect of organophosphorus pesticides in juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei: alteration of glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins.

The presence of pesticides has recently been reported in shrimp farms adjacent to agricultural areas on the east coast of the Gulf of California. This study assessed the possible effect of organophosphorus pesticides in the coastal environment of Sinaloa, México, using the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as a bioindicator since their presence, abundance or behavior indicate some process or state of the system in which they live. Sublethal bioassays were performed on shrimps in intermolt state using commercial brands of organophosphorus pesticides, chlorpyrifos (0.

Developmental changes in oxygen consumption and hypoxia tolerance in the heat and hypoxia-adapted tabasco line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, with a survey of the metabolic literature for the genus Oreochromis.

The genus Oreochromis is among the most popular of the tilapiine cichlid tribe for aquaculture. However, their temperature and hypoxia tolerance, if tested at all, is usually tested at temperatures of 20-25°C, rather than at the considerably higher temperatures of 30-35°C typical of tropical aquaculture. We hypothesized that both larvae and adults of the heat and hypoxia-adapted Tabasco-line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus would be relatively hypoxia-tolerant.

Changes in digestive enzyme activities during early ontogeny of Seriola rivoliana.

This study contributes to basic knowledge on the development of larval digestive enzyme activities of Seriola rivoliana, a carnivorous species that has shown high mortality in larval stage. The study was conducted under laboratory-controlled conditions until larvae reached 30 days after hatching (DAH). The specific activity of amylase and pepsin was analysed by spectrophotometric methods, and lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and alkaline phosphatase by fluorometry.

Fish trypsins: potential applications in biomedicine and prospects for production.

In fishes, trypsins are adapted to different environmental conditions, and the biochemical and kinetic properties of a broad variety of native isoforms have been studied. Proteolytic enzymes remain in high demand in the detergent, food, and feed industries; however, our analysis of the literature showed that, in the last decade, some fish trypsins have been studied for the synthesis of industrial peptides and for specific biomedical uses as antipathogenic agents against viruses and bacteria, which have been recently patented. In addition, innovative strategies of trypsin administration have been studied to ensure that trypsins retain their properties until they exert their action.

Histological study of the gastrointestinal tract in longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) larvae.

This work contributes basic knowledge on larval development of Seriola rivoliana. A histological study describes the development of the digestive tract and accessory glands in S. rivoliana larvae reared under laboratory conditions at 24 °C from hatching to 30 days post-hatching (DPH).